Open Source Software For Database Server - 1137 Words

In this task, I will be looking at some open source software for a database server, Web server, file server, SMTP server, and an LDAP server. I will go over a few in each category and then make my recommendations based on the stability and security of the software as it relates to the need of the First World Bank. First, I will be looking at some open source software for the database server. I am going to be at the two that I consider be our organization’s best options. Those two are MySQL and PostgreSQL. MySQL is considered the most popular of all the open source database systems. It offers a variety of database features and is considered fairly quick and pretty secure. It would be a good choice for the company’s database servers. However, unfortunately â€Å"MySQL does not [try to] implement the full SQL standard, this tool is not completely SQL compliant. If you might need integration with such RDBMSs, switching from MySQL will not be easy† (Tezer 2014 ). This makes it not entirely ideal for current situation. When we take a look at PostgreSQL, we see that â€Å"PostgreSQL is the advanced, open-source [object]-relational database management system which has the main goal of being standards-compliant and extensible† (Tezer 2014). For the type of work our company is looking to achieve, it is very important that our database system be both highly secure and standards-compliant. The downside of PostgreSQL is it is considered slower than MySQL and it is not as popular.Show MoreRelatedMicrosoft, Mysql And Sql Server1429 Words   |  6 Pagesthinking about getting a database program for your company there are many popular software names that come to mind. The first that come to my mind are Oracle, MySQL (structured query language) and SQL Server, but let’s take it one step further you have to know the pros and cons for each program. By educating yourself on the differences between the programs you can know that you are g etting exactly what you need from the software. Even though they all do create databases, different companies haveRead MoreOracle, Mysql And Sql Server Essay907 Words   |  4 PagesWhen looking into what database program to get for the company the first question you must ask is what do you want to accomplish? Once you can answer that question you can start looking at the different database programs out there. There are quite a few out there but the top three companies are Oracle, MySQL and SQL Server. When you get down to the bare bones of each program there are differences with each. So again you have to know what you want to accomplish. First let us take a look at OracleRead MoreDatabase Management System For A Company1660 Words   |  7 PagesA research database management system (RDBMS) is the most used database management system for a company. Its roots date back to 1970, created by E.F. Codd at IBM. The database approach involves the storage of data involving tables. Attributes of the tables involve rows, used as a record of an entity. Columns, also attributes of the table, determine what will be recorded for that field. Within a table one primary key will be found, this represents a unique column of the table. A table may alsoRead MoreThe Management Of The Production Essay1638 Words   |  7 Pagesdata in a database. The Report Form module has several sub reports of details like Regular details, employee report ,purchase report, sale report, and monthly production report. The described record forms are maintained in a database file. The system password for each module has been included to make it secure . 1.2 PURPOSE: The Proposed System has the ado connectivity for the database. This helps to work in several modules at the same time. The Mysql Database is used to make the database. 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That is why Crunchy Data provides the technology and expertise necessary to design, deploy and support PostgreSQL monitoring and alerting solutions for enterprise PostgreSQL database environments - whetherRead MorePatient Health Status Monitoring Essay709 Words   |  3 Pagesthrough ZigBee receiver, the datas will then be updated into database. Zigbee can differentiate the data coming from different patients. Android application will fetch the parameters for every changes and display on the smart phone application after processing the parameters. Patient health status will be monitored in real-time and relevant doctor or nurse will be notified instantly if the patient is in risk. Data is updated into the database table from PC based application. PC based application is connectedRead MoreNetwork Analysis : The Core Layer1277 Words   |  6 PagesThe Core Layer, which is the trusted computing base internal network of the GFI network, houses the servers that are the heart of the organization. The Core acts as the backbone of the GFI network. The Core has six servers all with specify roles in caring out the daily operations of the business. The core is primarily responsible for transmitting data, processing instructions, and managing the network as a whole. The network architecture used for the GFI network allows for interconnection and communicationRead MoreThe Application Of The Apache Hadoop Open Source Database Program1647 Words   |  7 Pagesoutline and describe three vendors that provide the Hadoop NoSQL database program to enterprises. Each of these companies see themselves as uniquely different, thus positioning themselves within a market place that has begun to become highly competitive in the â€Å"Big Data† age. I will provide an outline of the talking points that will be discussed for each company, starting with a brief description of the Hadoop NoSQL open-source database program, then I will discuss each company on the evaluation categoriesRead MoreSoftware Requirement Specifications1475 Words   |  6 PagesSoftware Requirements Specification 1. Introduction 1.1 Purpose This document is a definition of software requirements to develop an automated night class enrolment system and flexible query database required by St.Johns Central College. This document will present the functional, non-functional, and design constraint requirements for the system to be developed. Use case models and descriptions are included along with class diagrams to help model and specify the functional requirements and specifications

Erik Erikson s Theory Of Development - 816 Words

The developmental observations of this paper are based upon Erik Erikson’s theory that development is centered on psychosocial development; thus, one’s whole life span is impacted by their social experience. One of the main components of Erickson’s eight-stage theory is the advancement of one’s ego identity, which is one’s sense of self (Feldman, 2011). Erickson believed that the ego identity developed and continuously changed through social interaction and experiences gathered in daily intercommunication with others. Hence, individuals are in a process of constantly changing, which is directly related to one’s experiences and interactions (Feldman). Furthermore, Erickson hypothesized that each stage of development presents new challenges needing resolution. Whether a developmental challenge is helpful or an impediment is determined by each person’s characteristics and his or her social environment, which can help further or hinder the development of identity (Hinkley, 2016). Ultimately, Erickson concluded that the ego identity, or personal identity, provides individuals a conjoined and cohesive sense of self that endures and continues to develop throughout one’s lifespan (Feldman). First Ten Years In reflecting on my early childhood, it was wrought with the issues of parental marital problems, family health issues, and repercussions of a functionally dysfunctional family. At the beginning of my parent’s marriage, they received the news that they would never haveShow MoreRelatedErik Erikson s Development Theory1408 Words   |  6 Pages Erik Erikson’s Development theory Erik Erikson’s was born June 15, 1902, in southern Germany, His Jewish mother Karla Abrahamsen and to biological father, who was on unnamed Darnish man. Erikson’s biological abandoned him before he was born. Erikson was brought up by his mother and stepfather, Theodor Homberger, who was Erikson’s pediatrician. He never knew the true identity of his biological father. He always was in search of his identity; Erikson’s search for identity took him through someRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Development Essay1635 Words   |  7 PagesMany theories have been written on the subject of human development. Each theory has been further postulated and dissected to include: social, emotional, mental, and biological development. Many theoretical approaches and frameworks have been formulated to offer possible explanations for human behavior. It is paramount for social workers to have a working knowledge of these various theoretical approaches in order to ide ntify and assess their client’s needs effectively. Theories provide basic hypothesesRead MoreErik Erikson s Development Theory1603 Words   |  7 PagesErik Erikson’s lifespan development theory has proven to be popular and applicable to many people. However, Erikson’s theory was a bit bias and generalized groups of people whose cultures, genders and environments did not apply to his theory. This paper will focus on Erikson’s last four stages of development, and discuss how each stage may be impacted by these various factors. Identity vs. Role Confusion The adolescence stage of development in Erikson’s theory was labeled as identity vs. role confusionRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development Essay1366 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Erik Erikson (1902-1994) provided a new perspective of psychosocial behavior and development while expanding on the works of other theorists. Erikson believed there to be eight stages of psychosocial development which a person transitions through. These stages start at birth and end with old age/death. Erikson’s work is used throughout many outlets of social work. Social workers use this information to help them figure out what is going on with clients and how best to help them. Erikson providesRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development Essay1177 Words   |  5 Pages Erik Erikson was born in Greman in 1902-1994, American psychoanalyst; known for psychosocial theory of emotional development of human beings. His theory looks at the impact of parents and society on personality development from childhood to adulthood. Erikson believes, each person has to pass through a series of eight stages over there entire life cycle. I will look at the first 3 stages that cover the childhood years. There are set of conflict at each stage, which allows individual to developRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development884 Words   |  4 PagesErik Erikson Erik Erikson was born June 15, 1902. Erikson is best-known for his famous theory of psychosocial development and the concept of the identity crisis. His theories marked an important shift in thinking on personality; instead of focusing simply on early childhood event, his psychosocial theory looked at how social influences contribute to personality throughout the entire lifespan. Erik Erikson died May 12, 1994 due to prostate cancer. (Erik Erikson, 2015). Stages of Psychosocial DevelopmentRead MoreErik Erikson s Psychosocial Development Theory1518 Words   |  7 PagesABSTRACT This research paper will show a thorough review of Erik Erikson s Psychosocial Development Theory, specifically the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Psychosocial Development, according to Erik Erikson, is a continuity of crisis throughout our lifespan; these challenges will shape our personality and the way we perceive our surroundings. In addition to this, the different stages mentioned in this Theory complement each other and help us to develop the tools to achieve a sense ofRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development1445 Words   |  6 PagesErik Erikson was an ego psychologists who developed one of the utmost popular and prominent theories of development. While Erikson’s theory was influenced by psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud s work, Erikson s theory centered on psychosocial development rather than psychosexual development. Erik Erikson s theory of psychosocial development is one of the best-known theories of personality in psychology. Much like Sigmu nd Freud, Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of stages. UnlikeRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Psychosocial Development1818 Words   |  8 Pagesinfluential theories in developmental psychology, which is Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. It is a very interesting theory, and although it was influenced by Sigmund Freud, it centers more on the social component rather than the psychosexual stand of Freud. According to Erikson, our personal development occurs as we interact daily with others and have new experiences that shape us throughout our lives. This paper will review the eight stages of the psychosocial theory: 1. TrustRead MoreErik Erikson s Theory Of Human Development Essay1750 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The eight stages of Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory of human development is a theory which describes different stages of a person’s life and the challenges which they must overcome in that specific stage (Arnett, 2016). There will be two interviews conducted with individuals that are in age groups ranging from early adulthood to middle adulthood and that are in different stages of Erikson’s theory. The interviews will be connected to the stages Erikson said they should be in according

Plethora Essay

Question: Describe about the corporate finance course involved a plethora of new concepts such as valuation of bonds, concept of efficient markets along with concepts of merger acquisition? Answer: The corporate finance course involved a plethora of new concepts such as valuation of bonds, concept of efficient markets along with concepts of merger acquisition. I have little background in most of the concepts that were taught in the class. I had expected the course to be challenging one especially due to the strong mathematical and analytical skills involved. Since, I tend to start from the scratch and need absolute clarity of concepts to be competent in a particular lecture, thus I decided to be regular in my lectures and pay close attention. However, there were issues in understanding I faced which began right from the second lecture that focused on efficient markets. Even though, the lecturer maintained a decent pace with regards to coverage of the course content but considering the difficult level, I could not really cope up. I had a plethora of doubts regarding the topic on a second reading that I did after the lecture and at one juncture even though of leaving the course. But, then i decided that considering the importance of this subject for my future engagements in finance, it is significant that I should devote more attention to the subject. Thus, I started reading the subject matter to be discussed in the class before- hand so that I could clear my doubts within the class only and thus gain conceptual clarity of the subject. This was immensely helpful and enabled better understanding of the core concepts of the subject. Additionally for the mathematical computations, I took help from some fellow students that brought about immense improvement of understanding in my numerical portion. However, considering that I have an inclination for kinaesthetic learning style, the discussions in the class in this regard were a little disappointing. The frequent use of such exercises could have been immensely useful for gaining not only clarity regarding the application of concepts but also with regards to conceptual clarity. I faced immense difficulty in the mathematical portions of mergers and acquisitions but later realised these were mainly attributed to lack of underlying concepts. Thus, one of the key takeaways from the course is that conceptual clarity is paramount and it leads to successful application of complex concepts in practical problems. This is the learning that I intend to take away in my professional career ahead also is to focus on fundamentals especially on why a particular aspect is being treated the way it is. As a result, during my job I would focus hard on the training provided rather than relying exclusively on the job learning. This approach goes a long way in reduction of incremental efforts required to excel at the job. However, one of recommendation for the focus is more focus on practical aspects with more case studies so as to ensure better concept clarity through application. Also, if some basic foundation classes can be arranged for students lacking the fundamentals or parallel doubt classes for those who cannot cope up could be immensely helpful and thus, must be considered.

Different Organizational Attitudes and Behaviors of Employees and Employer free essay sample

This paper looks at employee attitudes and their influence on performance, focusing specifically on physical labor jobs. The following paper discusses the attitudes and strategies that should be used to get the best results from employees, what it takes to keep employees motivated, the attitude of the boss and different attitudes of employees and how it affects their job. All of the latter are discussed with reference to research studies of selected companies and their organizational patterns of behaviour. From the paper: It is well known by Human Resources Personnel and Managers that positive employee attitudes create positive actions toward organizational goals. Employee attitude is increasingly cited in surveys as the number one performance-related issue of companies, both large and small. As attitudes deteriorate, so do commitment, loyalty and, most importantly, performance. In this research paper we are particularly looking at physical labor jobs such as landscaping, construction, farm workers and other environments which do not take place in an office settings. We will write a custom essay sample on Different Organizational Attitudes and Behaviors of Employees and Employer or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

18-year-olds Going OTR Are They Ready Are You

18-year-olds Going OTR Are They Ready Are You The demands on the trucking industry are increasing every year- many companies are running at full capacity with daily shipments in need of experienced, licensed CDLs to pull their weight.  Might the 18-20 year old set offer the potential to fulfill urgent delivery schedules? While most states require drivers to be 21 to acquire their commercial driver’s licenses, some do allow 18-20 year olds to take regional trucking jobs. But they can’t cross state lines, and there’s a frustrating lag between graduating from high school, getting your CDL, and being eligible to take most jobs in the industry. Many young drivers move on to careers that are more readily available, which means the industry is missing out.An Argument AgainstOne of the best tools for handling stressful job situations is maturity and experience- a teenager fresh out of high school probably hasn’t had to bounce back from so much as a fender-bender. Trucking requires the utmost professionalism and responsibility. Most teenagers make inadequate interns, but should we really trust them on the road?Brain Development in Progress: Both a Pro and a ConMaybe their reflexes are slightly sharper and they need less sleep, but the human brain continues to develop until age 25! Teens have underdeveloped frontal lobe, which is where impulse control, memory, attention, and consciousness are stored. On the flip side, they have a great capacity for learning, and by the time they’ve grown into full maturity as drivers, their skills will be ingrained.Plan for the FutureWhile executives, dispatchers, and company owners may feel its in their best interests to get young drivers on the road as soon as possible, in the interests of safety and performance, more training measures should  be developed before it becomes a viable industry-wide goal. Innovations like semi-automated trucking might help alleviate the risks of less-experienced young drivers (or benefit from their likely life-l ong fluency with new technology), and  ride-along training programs may help get the younger workforce up to speed faster and safer.

Constitutions of Pakistan Essay Essays

Constitutions of Pakistan Essay Essays Constitutions of Pakistan Essay Essay Constitutions of Pakistan Essay Essay Introduction: The fundamental law of Pakistan that came into being on March 23. 1956. abolished the office of the governor-general and provided for power-sharing agreements between the president and the premier curate. East Pakistan ( now the independent province of Bangladesh ) and West Pakistan ( known as Pakistan since 1971 ) were to hold equal seats in the national legislative assembly. While parliamentary and federal in signifier. the fundamental law ensured that the president retained supreme powers and the centre was more powerful than the states. But this fundamental law had a really short life. The country’s foremost general elections were scheduled for February 1959. but President Iskandar Mirza. fearing a rise in East Pakistan’s influence could sabotage his clasp on power. abrogated the fundamental law before the elections in 1958. set uping soldierly jurisprudence and naming ground forces head Ayub Khan as main soldierly jurisprudence decision maker. This se t a case in point for the military to asseverate itself into the country’s political personal businesss. It besides led to a form of coup detats. corruption of constitutional commissariats. and a military-bureaucracy dominated executive that superseded the elected parliament. A new fundamental law came into consequence in 1962 which failed to include cardinal rights until the first amendment was made to it. allowing the executive power to the president and get rid ofing the office of the premier curate. Most significantly. it institutionalized the intercession of military in political relations by supplying that for 20 old ages. the president or the defence curate must be a individual who had held a rank non lower than that of lieutenant-general in the ground forces. In 1969. the 1962 fundamental law was suspended. soldierly jurisprudence was declared. and General Yahya Khan took over. After the sezession of East Pakistan to organize the new province of Bangladesh. a new fundamental law was brought in 1973. After taking control of the authorities in 1971. Z. A. Bhutto started work on a democratic fundamental law for the state. On 17th April 1972 the National Assembly constituted a commission to fix a bill of exchange fundamental law. The Committee worked difficult and prepared the bill of exchange of the fundamental law which was presented to the leaders of all parliamentary leaders on 20th October 1972. All the leaders signed the bill of exchange. After that it was discussed and debated n the National Assembly which gave its blessing on 10th April 1973. The President gave his acquiescence on 12th April 1973. Finally the Senate approved the fundamental law in August 1973. Consequently the fundamental law was enforced in the state on 14th August 1973. Harmonizing to the Constitution of 1973 Mr. Z. A. Bhutto expression over as the 10th Prime Minister and Mr. Fazl-e-Elahi was sworn in as the President of Pakistan. Fundamental law of Pakistan 1956: The Constitution of 1956 was the cardinal jurisprudence of Pakistan from March 1956 until the Revolution of October 1958. a ) Origins: Pakistan became independent of the United Kingdom in 1947. Under Section 8 of the Indian Independence Act. 1947. the Government of India Act. 1935 became. with certain versions. the working fundamental law of Pakistan. But the demand of a fundamental law to be framed by the elective representatives of the people was all the more necessary for the free citizens of a autonomous province. Therefore the first Constituent Assembly was formed under the Independence Act and was entrusted with two separate maps: To border a Fundamental law for the state. and To put as a Federal Legislative Assembly or Parliament until that Constitution came into consequence. The powers and maps of the cardinal legislative assembly under the Government of India Act were conferred on the Constituent Assembly. The Constituent Assembly could. nevertheless. amend the Indian Independence Act. 1947 or the Government of India Act. 1935. and no Act of the British Parliament could be extended to Pakistan without statute law by the Constituent Assembly. The first Constituent Assembly originally consisted of 69 members ; later the figure of members was increased to 79 The first large measure in the framing of a fundamental law for Pakistan was taken by the Constituent Assembly on 12 March 1949. when it passed a declaration on the ‘Aims and Aims of the Constitution’ . popularly known as the Objectives Resolution. It laid the foundation of the fundamental law and indicated the wide lineation of its construction. The declaration was moved by Liaquat Ali Khan. the first Prime Minister of Pakistan. While traveling the Resolution. he said: Sir. I consider this to be a most of import juncture in the life of this state. following in importance merely to the accomplishment of independency. because by accomplishing independency we merely won an chance of constructing up a state and its civil order in conformity with our ideals. I would wish to remind the house that the Father of the Nation. Quaid-i-Azam. gave look of his feelings on this affair on many an juncture. and his positions were endorsed by the state in unmistakable footings. Pakistan was founded because the Muslims of this sub-continent wanted to construct up their lives in conformity with the instructions and traditions of Islam. because they wanted to show to the universe that Islam provides a Panacea to the many diseases which have crept into the life of humanity today. ] The declaration was debated for five yearss. The taking members o f the authorities and a big figure of non-Muslim members. particularly from East Bengal. took a outstanding portion. Non-Muslim members expressed sedate apprehensivenesss about their place and function in the new policy. Hindu members of the Constitutional Assembly argued that the Aims Resolution differed with Muhammad Ali Jinnah’s ( Quaid-e-Azam ) position in all the basic points. Sris Chandra Chattopadhyaya said: What I hear in this ( Objectives ) Resolution is non the voice of the great Godhead of Pakistan – the Quaid-i-Azam. nor even that of the Prime Minister of Pakistan the Honorable Mr. Liaquat Ali Khan. but of the Ulema of the land. Birat Chandra Mandal declared that Jinnah had â€Å"unequivocally said that Pakistan will be a secular province. † Bhupendra Kumar Datta went a measure farther: â€Å"†¦were this declaration to come before this house within the lifetime of the Great Creator of Pakistan. the Quaid-i-Azam. it would non hold come in its present form. After nine old ages of attempts. Pakistan was successful in bordering a fundamental law. The Constituent Assembly adopted it on 29 February 1956. and it was enforced on 23 March 1956. proclaiming Pakistan to be an Islamic democracy. B ) Commissariats: The Constitution of 1956 was drawn-out and elaborate ; it contained 234 articles divided into 13 parts and six agendas. The Fundamental law of 1956 provided for federal system with the rule of para between East Pakistan and West Pakistan. The Federal Legislature was to execute like the British Parliament. The Centre was invested with such powers as to take one-sided action in exigency and it could act upon the provincial liberty. The Fundamental law of 1956 provided for the parliamentary signifier of authorities. where existent executive authorization was vested in a cabinet. jointly responsible to the legislative assembly. The cabinet was presided over by the Prime Minister. The Fundamental law declared that there would be merely one house of parliament known as the National Assembly and equality between the two Wingss ( i. e. East Pakistan and West Pakistan ) was maintained in it. The Governor General was replaced by a President. who was to be elected by the Electoral College of Pakistan composed of members of the National Assembly and Provincial Assembly. Familiar democratic rights and freedoms such as freedom of address and look. of assembly and association. of motion and of profession were all provided in the Constitution. with the usual makings. With respects to civil rights. familiar rights such as rights of life. autonomy and belongings were granted. once more with the usual makings and precautions. The bench was given power to implement the cardinal rights and the tribunals were to make up ones mind if a jurisprudence was abhorrent to any commissariats of the cardinal rights. degree Celsius ) Salient characteristics: Written Constitution – This is a written and drawn-out papers. Rigid Constitution – The fundamental law could merely be amended through a procedure necessitating the amendment to be passed by at least a two-thirds bulk of the parliament and hallmark by the President. Islamic Republic of Pakistan – The name of the state was adopted as the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Objectives Resolution – The nonsubjective declaration was included as permeable by the fundamental law. Federal System – The fundamental law provides for a federal system in the state. Powers was divided between the Centre and the states. The topics were divided into three lists ; The Federal List. The Provincial List. and the Concurrent List. Unicameral Legislature – The legislative assembly would dwell of a individual house. Both the wings of the state were given representation in the National Assembly. The National Assembly consisted of 300 members. 150 members were draw n from each wing. Parliamentary System – a parliamentary system was adopted. harmonizing to it the president was the caput of province and the Prime Minister the caput of authorities. The President – required being a Muslim of at least 40 old ages of age. The term of office of his office was five old ages. In instance of internal or external danger he could declare a province of exigency in the state. He was authorized to name the Governors. the Judges of the Supreme Court. Auditor General and the Advocate General. The Prime Minister – He was to be the leader of the Parliamentary group and was therefore indirectly elected by the people. He could take his cabinet from the members of the National Assembly ; the cabinet was answerable to the Assembly. Provincial Autonomy – Curtailed in the fundamental law to a great extent. Islamic Law – no jurisprudence would be passed against the instructions of the Quran and Sunnah. Free Judiciary – An independent bench in the state. A Supreme Court interpreted the fundamental law. advised the province whenever required. and decided the issues whenever required. Fundamental Rights – included freedom of motion. freedom of address and look. freedom to take profess ion and freedom to profess faith. Right to life. autonomy. and belongings. Language – Urdu A ; Bengali were made national linguistic communications. vitamin D ) Islamic commissariats: Islamic Republic of Pakistan – The name of the state was adopted as the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Objectives Resolution – Included as preamble to the fundamental law. Islamic Law – No Law would be passed against the instructions of the Quran and Sunnah. and bing Torahs would be made Islamic in character. Muslim President – a demand. Religious Freedom – Freedom to profess. pattern and propagate any faith and the right to set up. maintain and manage spiritual establishments. Life Harmonizing to the Holy Quran and Sunnah- Harmonizing to the directing rules. stairss were to be taken to enable the Muslims of Pakistan separately and jointly to order their lives in conformity with the Holy Quran and Sunnah. Teachings of the Holy Quran – Were to be made compulsory for all Muslims. Slavery and forced labours were prohibited. Alcohol and narcotics – sale was banned and were prohibited Prostitution – was prohibited Particular revenue enhancement – No individual should be compelled to pay any particular revenue enhancement whose returns were to be spent on the extension of any faith other than the person’s ain. Unity among Muslim states – States were required to beef up the bonds of Muslims. Organization for Islamic Research and Instructions – The president was required to put up an organisation for Islamic Research and Instruction in advanced surveies to help in the Reconstruction of Muslim society on a true Islamic footing. vitamin E ) Drawbacks: A far-reaching degeneration of power already a political world. was non given a constitutional acknowledgment and accepted as the footing of the stale. The federal list was well reduced and the provincial list greatly enlarged. reassigning to the states. among other things. control over mineral resources. enlisting of services. industries. internal communications and the tribal countries in the North West Frontier. This was contrary to the pattern of advanced states where the deferral rule has been used in constructing up a common nationhood through a strong Centre. The fundamental law in Pakistan alternatively of being an instrument for integrity a state already divided by geographics. sought to make two distinguishable political entities with maximal liberty in the direction of their personal businesss Regional truenesss were farther consolidated by the debut of para of representation the National Assembly. The fundamental law was concerned in the belief th at the political life of the state would ever be tied to provincial moorages and will neer lift a higher plane of patriotism in which party associations would cut across the physical barriers. Parity ‘was certain to further parochial experiencing every bit in the part in whose favour it was to run and in the part whose involvements were adversely affected by it. degree Fahrenheit ) Death:On 7 October 1958. He abrogated the fundamental law. imposed soldierly jurisprudence and appointed General Muhammad Ayub Khan as the Chief Martial Law Administrator and Aziz Ahmad as Secretary General and Deputy Chief Martial Law Administrator. However. three hebdomads subsequently General Ayub- who had been openly oppugning the authorization of the authorities prior to the infliction of Martial law- deposed Iskandar Mirza on 27 October 1958 and assumed the presidential term that practically formalized the mobilization of the political system in Pakistan. [ 6 ] Four old ages subsequently a new papers. Fundamental law of 1962 was adopted. This was finally succeeded by the Constitution of 1973. Fundamental law of Pakistan 1962: The Constitution of 1962 was the cardinal jurisprudence of Pakistan from June 1962 until soldierly jurisprudence was declared in March 1969. It was finally replaced by the current Fundamental law of 1973. a ) Origins:Pakistan became an independent province in 1947. The first papers that served as a fundamental law for Pakistan was the Government of India Act. 1935. The first Pakistani Constituent Assembly was elected in 1947 and after nine old ages adopted the first autochthonal fundamental law. the ephemeral Fundamental law of 1956. In October 1958. President Iskander Mirza staged a putsch d’etat and abrogated the fundamental law. Shortly afterwards General Ayub Khan deposed Iskandar and declared himself president. [ 1 ] On 17 February 1960 Ayub Khan appointed a committee to describe on the future political model for the state. The Commission was headed by the former Chief Justice of Pakistan. Muhammad Shahabuddin. and had ten other members. five each from East Pakistan and West Pakistan. composed of retired Judgess. attorneies. industrialists and landlords. The study of the Constitution Commission was presented to President Ayub on 6 May 1961 and exhaustively examined by the President and his Cabinet. In January 1962. theCabinet eventually approved the text of the new fundamental law. It was promulgated by President Ayub on 1 March 1962 and eventually came into consequence on 8 June 1962. The Constitution contained 250 articles divided into 12 parts and three agendas. B ) Commissariats: PAKISTAN was named as ‘Islamic Republic of Pakistan’ . The fundamental law provided for a federal system with the rule of para between East Pakistan and West Pakistan. Both the states would run their separate provincial authoritiess. The duties and authorization of the Centre and the states were clearly listed in the fundamental law. The Cardinal Legislature had one house known as the National Assembly. There were 156 members of the National Assembly. The equality between the two wings were maintained in it. The Constitution of 1962 provided for a presidential signifier of authorities. as opposed to the parliamentary signifier of authorities under the 1956 Constitution. The President. who must be a Muslim non less than 35 old ages of age and qualified for election as a member of the National Assembly was to be elected indirectly by an electoral college in conformity with the commissariats outlined in the Constitution itself. The Electoral College formed by non less than 80. 000 Basic Democrats ( B. D. ) . every bit distributed between the two states. Under the Constitution of 1962. if the figure of campaigners for election to the office of President exceeds three. the Speaker of the National Assembly was to convene a joint session of the members of the National and Provincial Assemblies to choose merely three campaigners for election. the staying campaigners so would non be eligible. This showing was non applicable to a individual who was keeping the office of the President i. e. if the sitting President was besides a campaigner the figure of campaigners would be four. The term of the President was five old ages to move as Head of State every bit good as Chief Executive- solely responsible for country’s disposal. Governor and Minister were appointed and removed by him. He was eligible to proclaim Regulations and veto against legislated Torahs merely override able by two-thirds of the National Assembly. However. the President was non empowered to fade out the Assembly except at the cost of his office besides. On a charge of go againsting the Constitution or gross misconduct the President might be impeached by the National Assembly for which tierce of the entire members of the National Assembly must give written notice to the Speaker for the remotion of the President. The President was to be removed from office if the declaration for impeachment was passed by ballots of non less than three-quarterss of the entire members of the Assembly. A important characteristic of the impeachment process was that if the declaration for remotion of the Presi dent fails to obtain one-half of the entire figure of members of the National Assembly the movers of the declaration would discontinue to be members of the Assembly. The Constitution of 1962 provided for elections of the Central and Provincial Legislatures for a term of five old ages. The members of the Assemblies were elected by the Basic Democrats. The National Assembly was entirely empowered to pass for the cardinal topics. However. it could pass on affairs falling under provincial legal power. The power to enforce revenue enhancements was laid with the cardinal legislative assembly. The Assembly had to function as a tribunal in the instances of impeachment. strong belief or declaring the President as incapacitated. It could amend the Constitution. but with two-thirds bulk. However. if the President’s veto was over-ridden. he had the right to inquire for the acquiescence of the Electoral College. The process of the Provincial Assemblies was indistinguishable with that of the National Assembly†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ! degree Celsius ) Salient characteristics: Written Fundamental law: The Constitution of 1962 was a written papers. It consisted of five agendas and 250 articles. Rigid Fundamental law: This is a stiff fundamental law. This is a stiff fundamental law can merely be amended through a peculiar procedure. If an amendment to the fundamental law is passed by at least two-third bulk of the parliament so it becomes a portion of jurisprudence after hallmark by thePresident. Federal System: A federal system was introduced in the state. It consisted of a cardinal authorities and two provincial authorities consisting East and West Pakistan. Presidential forum of Government: President was the head Executive of the state. He was empowered to put up the curates of his cabinet. Indirect Method of Election: The President was elected by an Electoral College consisting 80. 000 Basic Democrats. every bit distributed between the two states. Provincial Governments: There were two provincial authoritiess. Each of them was headed by a governor. He enjoyed powers in the state which the President enjoyed in the centre. The Governor was empowered to name provincial curates with the countenance of the President of Pakistan. Provincial Legislature: Each state was provided with a legislative assembly. It originally consisted of 150 members. However. subsequently on this figure was increased to 218. Powers of President Harmonizing to the 1962 Constitution the President should be a Muslim with the term of 5 old ages. He was eligible to proclaim Regulations and veto against legislated Torahs merely override-able by two/thirds of the National Assembly. However. the President was non empowered to fade out the Assembly except the cost of his office besides. Restrictions to the President: The President was non allowed to keep any office of net income in the service of Pakistan but was non prevented from keeping a pull offing private belongings. Muslim Law: No Law would be passed against the instruction of Quran and Sunnah and the bing Torahs would be made Islamic in character. Cardinal Rights: The fundamental law of 1962 laid down cardinal rights of address and look. freedom to take profession and freedom to profess faith. With Regards to civil rights. familiar right such as the rights of life. livery and belongings were granted. Role of Judiciary: The Judiciary was responsible for the reading of Torahs and executive orders in the visible radiation of the rules embodied in a written fundamental law. Supreme Judicial Council: A supreme judicial council dwelling of two Judgess of Supreme Court main justness of Supreme Court and two Judgess of high tribunals was to be established. vitamin D ) Islamic Commissariats: The preamble of the Constitution of 1962 was based on the Objectives Resolution. The Constitution laid down merely that the province of Pakistan shall be an Islamic democracy under the name of Islamic Republic of Pakistan’ . Harmonizing to the rules of policy. stairss were to be taken to enable the Muslims of Pakistan separately and jointly. to order their lives in conformity with the cardinal rules and basic constructs of Islam. and should be provided with installations whereby they may be enabled to understand the significance of life harmonizing to those rules and constructs. No jurisprudence shall be enacted which is abhorrent to the instructions and demands of Islam as set out in the Qur’an and Sunnah and all bing Torahs shall be brought in conformance with the Qur’an and Sunnah. Merely a Muslim could be qualified for the election as President. Teaching of the Quran and Islamiyat to the Muslims of Pakistan was made compulsory. Proper administration of Zakat. waqf. and mosques was ensured. Practical stairss were to be taken to eliminate what were seen as societal immoralities by Islam. such as the usage of intoxicant. gaming. etc. A fresh Islamic proviso in the 1962 Constitution had introduced an ‘Advisory Council of Islamic Ideology’ to be appointed by the President. The maps of the Council was to do recommendations to the Government as to agencies which would enable and promote the Muslims of Pakistan to order their lives in conformity with the rules and constructs of Islam and to analyze all Torahs in force with a position to convey them into conformance with the instructions and demands of Islam as set out in the Qur’an and Sunnah. . There shall be an administration to be known as Islamic Research Institute. which shall be established by the President. The map of the Institute was to set about Islamic Research and Instruction in Islam for the intent of helping in the Reconstruction of Muslim society on a truly Muslim footing. The province should endeavor to beef up the bonds of integrity among Moslem states. vitamin E ) Death: The 2nd soldierly jurisprudence was imposed on 25 March 1969. when President Ayub Khan abrogated the Constitution of 1962 and handed over power to the Army Commander-in-Chief. General Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan. On presuming the presidential term. General Yahya Khan acceded to popular demands by get rid ofing the one-unit system in West Pakistan and ordered general elections on the rule of one adult male one ballot. Fundamental law of Pakistan 1973: The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is the supreme jurisprudence of Pakistan. Known as the Constitution of 1973. it was drafted by the authorities of Zulia Ali Bhutto and. following add-ons by the resistance parties. was approved by the legislative assembly on April 10. 1973. It was Pakistan’s foremost of all time fundamental law by consensus unlike two earlier fundamental laws. the Fundamental law of 1956 and the Constitution of 1962. a ) Origins: Pakistan became independent from British India in 1947. following its divider. The first papers that served as a fundamental law for Pakistan was the Government of India Act. 1935. The first Pakistani Constituent Assembly was elected in 1947 and after nine old ages adopted the first autochthonal fundamental law. the ephemeral Fundamental law of 1956. In October 1958. President Iskander Mirza staged a putsch d’etat and abrogated the fundamental law. Shortly afterwards General Ayub Khan deposed Iskandar and declared himself president. In 1960 Ayub Khan appointed a committee to outline a new fundamental law. The new Constitution of 1962 was decreed by President Ayub in March of that twelvemonth. On 25 March 1969 the Second Martial Law was imposed ; President Ayub Khan abrogated the 1962 fundamental law and handed over power to the Army Commander-in-Chief. General Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan. On presuming the presidential term. General Yahya Khan acceded to popular demands by get rid ofing the one-unit system in West Pakistan and ordered general elections on the rule of one adult male. one ballot. General Yahya’s government made no effort to border a fundamental law. The outlooks were that a new component assembly would be set up by keeping a free and just election. In order to keep the proposed elections. President Yahya Khan promulgated a Legal Framework Order on 30 March 1970 that besides spelled out the cardinal rules of the proposed fundamental law and the construction and composing of the national and provincial assemblies. [ In December. 1970 elections were held at the same time for both the national and five provincial assemblies. By any standards. elections were free and just. Although Mujib had been released from prison by yahya khan due to the fact that he vanished all the charges on all political leaders. There was no intervention from the authorities ; it maintained rigorous neutrality demoing no favour or favoritism for or against any political parties. The members of the governing council of curates were debarred from engagement in the elections. There were no allegations of tackle of the elections as is frequently alleged in elections held in the states of the Third World. But the consequences of the first and the last general elections in united Pakistan were merely black from the point of view of national integrity and demonstrated the failure of national integrating. There was non a individual national party in the state which enjoyed the assurance of the people of Pakistan. both east and West Pakistan. Two regional parties- the Awami League ( AL ) under the leading East Pakistan- won 290 out of 288 seats allotted for East Pakistan. But in West Pakistan it could non procure a individual place and the per centum of ballots secured by the Awami League in the four states of West Pakistan were: 0. 07 ( Punjab ) . 0. 07 ( Sindh ) 0. 2 ( Pakhtunkhwa and 1. 0 ( Baluchistan ) . The Pakistan Peoples Party ( PPP ) under the leading of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto won 88 out of 144 seats for West Pakistan. But the PPP did non even make bold to put up a campaigner in East Pakistan. The staying 57 seats of West Pakistan were shared by seven parties and there were 15 independent campaigners. The PPP emerged as the individual largest party in West Pakistan with bulks in Sindh and the Punjab ; and the National Awami Party ( NAP ) together with their political ally. Jamiat-ul Ulema-i-Islam ( of Maulana Mufti Mahmood ) JUI. got clear bulks in Baluchistan and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. None of the West Pakistani political parties. like the PPP. could win a individual place in East Pakistan. The spiritual inquiry played small or no portion in the elections. There can be no uncertainty that in East Pakistan the rules which won the consensus of sentiment was the individual basic impression of liberty The Awami League had fought the elections on the footing of their six points expression. which committed them to reconstitute the bing federal system in order to guarantee maximal political liberty for East Pakistan. Under this expression. merely two portfolios- Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Defense- would be retained by the cardinal authorities. The PPP. on the other manus. was non willing to thin the authorization of the cardinal authorities in malice of guaranting full provincial liberty for all the states of Pakistan. The National Awami Party and JUI alliance sided with the AL so that they might obtain maximal liberty for their ain states. i. e. . Baluchistan and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. The election consequences genuinely reflected the ugly political world: the division of the Pakistani electorate along regional lines and political polarisation of the state between the two wings. Pakistan and West Pakistan. Inpolitical footings. therefore. Pakistan as a state stood divided as a consequence of the really first general elections in 23 old ages of its being. Therefore the general elections of 1970 produced a new political constellation with three distinguishable Centres of power the AL in East Pakistan: ( two ) the PPP in Sindh and the Punjab. B ) Commissariats: This fundamental law represented a via media consensus on three issues: the function of Islam. the sharing of power between the federal authorities and the states. and the division of duties between the President and the Prime Minister. with a greatly strengthened place for the latter. The Constitution provided for a federal system. The Federal Legislature is to map like the British Parliament. In order to still the concerns of the states refering the just distribution of legislative power. the fundamental law established a bicameral legislative assembly with a Senate ( the upper house ) . supplying equal provincial representation. and a National Assembly ( the lower house ) . apportioning seats harmonizing to population. Islam was declared the province faith. The Constitution stated Pakistan’s functionary name as the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Merely a Muslim could go the President or the Prime Minister of Pakistan. No jurisprudence repugnant to Islam shall be enacted and the present Torahs shall besides be Islamized. The President must be a Muslim non less than 45 old ages of age. elected by members of Parliament. He is to keep office for a term of five old ages. The President could be removed by the declaration of parliament of non less than two tierces of the entire rank. The President could publish regulations when the Parliament is non in session. The President has the power of allowing forgiveness and the right to be kept informed by the Prime Minister on all affairs of internal and foreign policies. The Constitution sets forth the parliamentary system of Government. The caputof the Government. harmonizing to the Constitution. will be the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister and his Cabinet is accountable to the National Assembly for his actions. The Prime Minister would be elected by the bulk of the National Assembly. The Constitution of 1973 introduced a new establishment known as the ‘Council of Common Interests’ dwelling of Chief Ministers of the states and an equal figure of Ministers of the Federal Government nominated by the Prime Minister. The Council could explicate and modulate the policy in the Part II of the Legislative List. In instance of ailment of intervention in H2O supply by any state the Council would look into the ailment. Another major invention in the Fundamental law of 1973 is the constitution of a National Finance Commission ( NFC ) consisting of the Federal and Provincial Finance Ministers and other members to advice on distribution of grosss between the federation and the states. The Principles of Policy includes Islamic manner of life. publicity of Local Government establishments. full engagement of adult females in national life. protection of minorities. publicity of societal and economic well being of the people. and beef uping the bonds with the Muslim universe and to work for international peace. Under the 1973 Constitution. Fundamental Rights include security of individual. precautions as to collar and detainment. prohibition of bondage and forced labour. freedom of motion. freedom of association. freedom of address. freedom to profess faith and precautions to spiritual establishments. non-discrimination in regard of entree to public topographic points and in service. saving of linguistic communications. book and civilization. The judiciary enjoys full domination over the other variety meats of the province. degree Celsius ) Salient Features: Written Fundamental law:Like the old fundamental laws of 1956 and 1962 the Fundamental law of 1973is a written papers. It is really comprehensive and consists of 12 parts dwelling of 280 articles. Introductory and the Objectives Resolution: It commences with an introductory which slates the Islam shall be province faith. The rules and commissariats set out in the Objectives Resolution have been made substantial portion of the fundamental law. Muslim System: The inclusion of Islamic Provisions has given the 1973 Constitution an unprecedented Islamic character. It ensures an Islamic system in the state. Rigid Fundamental law:It is a stiff fundamental law. No Government can alter it at will. It is non easy to do amendments in it. Two-third bulk of both the Houses is required for this intent. Federal System:The Constitution of 1973 has introduced a Federal system in the state. The federation of Pakistan consists of a Cardinal Government and four Provincial Governments. The Federal Government is headed by a President elected by members of Majlis-e-Shoora ( Parliament ) Parliamentary signifier of Government: The 1973 Constitution proposes a Parliamentary signifier of Government in the state. Prime curate is the caput of the Parliamentary system. He is leader of the Majlis-e-Shoora ( Parliamentary ) . He is elected on direct grownup franchise footing. The Prime Minister selects a cabinet of cardinal curates from the members of Parliament which conducts the personal businesss of the state. Harmonizing to 1973 Constitution the Prime Minister enjoys broad powers. Bicameral Legislature: The Constitution provides for the constitution of a bicameral legislative assembly in Pakistan. The Majlis-e-Shoora ( Parliament ) consists of two Houses named Senate and National Assembly. The Senate or the Upper House consists of 63 members ( the 8th Amendment has raised this figure to 87 ) . The National Assembly consists of 200 members ( Now this figure has been raised to 207 ) . The Majlis-e-Shoora enjoys broad powers of legislative assembly. Direct Method of Election: The Constitution of 1973 gives a direct method of election. The members ofthe National Assembly. the Provincial Assemblies are straight elected by the people. Independence of Judiciary:The Constitution of 1973 emphasiss upon the constitution of an independent bench. Full occupation security has been provided. The Judgess are appointed by the President. They can non be removed from service before the terminal of their term except on the recommendation of the Supreme Judicial Council. In add-on the Judges National Language: The 1973 Fundamental law are paid respectable wages.has declared Urdu as the national linguistic communication of Pakistan. However English has been retained as the official linguistic communication for 15 old ages. Similarly regional linguistic communications have been provided full protection. Single Citizenship: The Constitution of 1973 has established the rules of individual citizenship. Harmonizing to this rule the rights and responsibilities of the citizens are determined by the Federal Constitution merely. Thus the people throughout Pakistan are citizens of Pakistan. Rule of Law: The 1973 Constitution establishes regulation of jurisprudence in Pakistan. Harmonizing to regulation of jurisprudence no individual can be deprived of his cardinal rights. All the citizens of Pakistan are equal before jurisprudence. High Treason: Harmonizing to the Constitution of 1973 the act of unconstitutional repeal of the Constitution has been declared as an act of High Treason. Referendum:The Constitution of 1973 has authorized the President to keep Referendum on any national issue. Similarly the Prime Minister can inquire the President to keep referendum on any of import national issue. vitamin D ) Islamic commissariats: The name ‘Islamic Republic of Pakistan’ is selected for the province of Pakistan. Islam is declared as the province faith of Pakistan. Steps shall be taken to enable the Muslims of Pakistan. separately or jointly. to order their lives in conformity with the cardinal rules and basic constructs of Islam. Steps shall be taken to do theinstruction of the Qur’an and Islamiyat compulsory. to promote and ease the acquisition of Arabic linguistic communication and to procure correct and exact printing and publication of the Qur’an. Proper administration of Zakat. waqf and mosques is ensured. The province shall forestall harlotry. gaming and ingestion of intoxicant. printing. publication. circulation and show of obscene literature and advertizements. Merely a Muslim could be qualified for election as President ( male or female ) and Prime Minister ( male or female ) . No limitation as to faith or gender on any other station. up to and including provincial gove rnor and Chief Minister. All bing Torahs shall be brought in conformance with the injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Qur’an and Sunnah and no jurisprudence shall be enacted which is abhorrent to such injunctions. A Council of Islamic Ideology shall be constituted referred to as the Islamic Council. The maps of the Islamic Council shall be to do recommendations to Parliament and the Provincial Assemblies about the ways and agencies of enabling and promoting the Muslims of the Pakistan to order their lives in conformity with the rules of Islam. The President or the Governor of a state may. or if two fifths of its entire rank so requires. a House or a Provincial Assembly shall. mention to the Islamic Council for advice on any inquiry as to whether a proposed jurisprudence is or is non abhorrent to the injunctions of Islam. For the first clip. the Fundamental law of Pakistan gave definition of a Muslim which states: ‘Muslim’ means a individual who believes in the integrity and unity of Allah. in the absolute and unqualified conclusiveness of theProphethood of the Islamic prophesier. Muhammad. and does non believe in. or recognize as a prophesier or spiritual reformist. any individual who claimed or claims to be a prophesier. in any sense of the word or of any description whatsoever. after Muhammad. The province shall endeavour to beef up the bonds of integrity among Moslem states. The Second Amendment ( wef 17 September 1974 ) of the 1973 Constitution declared for the first clip the Ahmadiyya Community or the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam ( Lahoris ) as non-Muslims. and their leader. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. who claimed to be prophesier of God. to which mainstream Muslims do non hold. vitamin E ) Comparison with old fundamental laws: With respect to provincial rights the 1973 fundamental law was in fact the most centralized of Pakistan’s assorted fundamental laws. The Government of India Act of 1935. which Pakistan adopted as its first on the job fundamental law. granted the federal authorities 96 points of power. The 1956 fundamental law reduced that figure to 49. and this was retained in the 1962 fundamental law. In 1973. nevertheless. it was so enlarged to 114. Decisions: The predating study of Pakistan’s Constitution and the consecutive alterations brought approximately in it may assist gain a few major points. The most noticeable fact is that the Constitution has faced the challenge of endurance. which hasbeen threatened many a clip in the yesteryear. Once the Constitution was abrogated and later it was held inabeyance. Whenever the Constitution was restored it wasdone so along with alterations and amendments. which characteristically altered its earlier position. Therefore. whatwe identify today as the Constitution. is drastically differentfrom its form when it was adopted in 1973. Change in the Constitution is non something which in itself can beopposed. A living fundamental law ever responds to thechanging conditions and the new demands of thesociety. Strategic Analysis: Where in the State shall exert its powers and authorization through the chosen representatives of the people ; Wherein the rules of democracy. freedom. equality. tolerance and societal justness. as enunciated by Islam. shall be to the full observed ; Wherein the Muslims shall be enabled to order their lives in the person and corporate domains in conformity with the instructions and demands of Islam as set out in the Holy Quran and Sunnah ; Wherein adequate proviso shall be made for the minorities freely to profess and pattern their faiths and develop their civilizations ; Wherein the districts now included in or in accession with Pakistan and such other districts as may hereafter be included in or submit to Pakistan shall organize a Federation wherein the units will be independent with such boundaries and restrictions on their powers and authorization as may be prescribed ; Wherein shall be guaranteed cardinal rights. including equality of position. of chance and before [ the ] jurisprudence. societal. economic and political justness. and freedom of idea. look. belief. religion. worship and association. topic to jurisprudence and public morality ; Wherein adequate proviso shall be made to safeguard the legitimate involvements of minorities and backward and down categories ; Wherein the independency of the judiciary shall be to the full secured ; Wherein the unity of the districts of the Federation. its independency and all its rights. including its crowned head rights on land. sea and air. shall be safeguarded ; So that the people of Pakistan may thrive and achieve their rightful and honoured topographic point amongst the states of the World and do their full part towards international peace and advancement and felicity of humanity ; Conscious of our duty before Almighty Allah and work forces ; Cognizant of the forfeits made by the people in the cause o f Pakistan and Faithful to the declaration made by the Founder of Pakistan. Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. that Pakistan would be a democratic State based on Islamic rules of societal justness ; Mentions: 1. hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan 2. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Pakistani. org/pakistan/constitution/ 3. hypertext transfer protocol: //pakistanconstitutionlaw. com/ 4. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. cssforum. com. pk/study-forums/constitutions 5. hypertext transfer protocol: //storyofpakistan. com/the-constitution-of-1956/ 6. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. pppusa. org/1973constitution. htm 7. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. guesspapers. net/2380/salient-features-constitutions

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Several proteins encoded by the SARS-CoV could be considered as targets for therapeutic intervention: the spike protein, the main protease, the NTPase/helicase, the RNA dependent RNA polymerase and different other viral protein-mediated processes. Potential anti-SARS-CoV drugs are currently being developed in vivo. The development of effective drugs against SARS-CoV may also provide new strategies for the prevention or treatment of other corona virus diseases in animals or humans. Passive immunization has been successful in establishing protection from SARS-CoV suggesting an important role for neutralizing antibodies. One important property of future vaccine candidates is the ability to give protection against multiple variant strains of SARS-CoV, especially in senescent populations that are most at risk for severe disease. SARS may be suspected in a patient who has: any of the symptoms, including a fever of 38  °C (100.4  °F) or higher, and either a history of: contact (sexual or casual) with someone with a diagnosis of SARS within the last 10 days or travel to any of the regions identified by the who as areas with recent local transmission of SARS (affected regions as of 10 May 2003 were parts of China, Hong Kong, Singapore and the province of Ontario, Canada) (Smith, 2006). Mad cow disease is a progressive neurological disorder of cattle that results from infection. Mad cow disease† is a fatal and communicable brain disease of cows that has a very long incubation period. Decades after infection, the brains of infected cattle develop numerous small cavities as nerve cells die. The holes produce a marked spongy appearance that gives the disease its scientific name, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) (txtwriter.com). Central nervous system function is progressively degraded, until death eventually occurs. Many people have got this disease and died. In addition, mad cow disease is caused by consumption of infected meat. Unfortunately there is no cure for mad cow disease. The origin of smallpox is uncertain, but it is believed to have originated in Africa and then spread to India and China thousands of years ago. The first recorded smallpox epidemic was in 1350 BC during the Egyptian-Hittite war. Epidemics occurred in the North American colonies in the 17th and 18th centuries. Millions of people died in Europe and Mexico as a result of widespread smallpox epidemics. The vaccine that was created for small pox is called dryvax. Smallpox is caused by the variola virus, which is spread through close contact with a person who has symptoms of the disease. A person with smallpox has infected saliva, and face-to-face contact can spread the virus. The virus could also be spread through other body fluids and contaminated clothing or bed linen. Smallpox is highly contagious, and people who have it are most infectious during the first week of illness (Meadows, 2003). The symptoms of small pox are as follows; high fever, fatigue, headaches, backaches, and vomiting; in addition, a rash on the face, arms, legs and other areas of the body. The rash turns into raised bumps that become pus-filled blisters (Meadows, 2003). Scabs develop and usually fall off three to four weeks later. There is no proven treatment that exists for smallpox. However, people with smallpox are given intravenous fluids and medicine to control fever and pain, and antibiotics are given to prevent or treat possible bacterial infections. Two treatments for smallpox–Vaccinia Immune Globulin (VIG) and cidofovir–are being studied and could be given under investigational new drug protocols (Meadows, 2003). Swine Flu symptoms are; cough sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, body aches, headache, chills, fatigue, and sometimes diarrhea and vomiting. The vaccine for swine flu is called the H1N1 vaccine. However, the treatment for swine flu is a medication called tamiflu and relenza. The dose for this medication is seventy-five milligrams twice a day for five day, which is for someone that has been diagnosed with swine flu. On the other hand, a person that was exposed to it would tale tamiflu seventy-five milligrams once a day for ten days. There have been many diseases throughout history that have become an epidemic and a lot of these diseases are preventable. The epidemic diseases have occurred as a result of three important factors, which are agent, host, and environment. In addition, the influenza virus of 1918 is known as the worst influenza epidemic ever killing 50 million people and it spread from the United States to parts of North America, Europe, and other various continents. SARS-CoV has a rapid transmission and high mortality rate. This in turn, made SARS a global threat for which no efficacious therapy was available. Before its emergence, no efforts were put into the search for antiviral drugs against corona viruses. Now Passive immunization has been successful in establishing protection from SARS-CoV. There is not a cure for small pox and other epidemic diseases. The medical community treats the diseases the best they can and the best way to combat diseases is to prevent the disease from spreading. References  ·Seasonal Influenza: http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3273 disease/us_flu-related_deaths.htm Simonsen L et al. The impact of influenza epidemics on mortality: introducing a severity index. Am J Public Health. 1997; 87(12):1944-1950. Severe acute respiratory syndrome: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome#Research http://txtwriter.com/Onscience/Articles/europemadcow1.html Meadows, Michelle. 2003. An Update on Smallpox.Retrieved from: http://www.mamashealth.com/infect/smallpox.asp Smith, R. D. (2006). Responding to global infectious disease outbreaks: Lessons from SARS on the role of risk perception, communication and management. Journal of Social Science and Medicine, 63, 3113-3123

Organized Crime Essay -- Criminals Mafia Essays Papers

Organized Crime Organized crime has always been occupied with a negative label. Perhaps this is due to the constantly changing environment in America as well as the social state of its homeland, Europe. Our society is convinced that the so-called Mafia is a family of pure criminals, pimps, and murderers. Whatever the opinion, there is no doubt that the Mafia played a big part in the history of America and the way Americans view crime today. "The origins of the secret society known as the Mafia are believed to be as old as the 9th century" (Mafia History). During the 9th century, the Mafia's main purpose was to strengthen themselves against enemies, which invaded their homeland in Sicily. It was supposed to create a strong feeling of togetherness between all Sicilians. "This idea of family was carried through in the structure of the organization, which had a strong hierarchical layout" (Mafia History). The Mafia is said by many to have perhaps the best system of power, than any other group or governm ent known today. One can compare a physical representation of the family almost to a family tree dated all the way back through many generations. Certain people operated the system, but without the help of the people with the less power, the Mafia would be very weak. To put it another way, a leader cannot lead without followers, and the followers cannot follow without leaders. This is why the Mafia was hard to overcome. Although when many think of the location of the Mafia, Chicago and New York often come to mind, but actually the Mafia has been traced back through 26 major cites in America. Within every city were many Mafia families each with it?s own government. "At the head of each family stood the Dons or Bosses. Next in line to the Dons was the Underbosses, who were second in command. Followed by the Consigliere or counselors. And last were the men who did the dirty work for the Mob, the Soldiers. The Soldiers were the one?s who would enforce discipline over both members and no n-members through the use of intimidation, assaults, and murder" (Living Large 3). All the members of the society were expected to go through a ceremony that often was compared to the baptism ceremony. "The induction ceremony is the most important day of a mobster?s life, the day that they become full members of La Cosa Nostra" (Mafia Life). "The ceremony for the newcomers was som... ...sition of the Mob, and the Mafia is known for making comebacks in a hurry. For example, the highpoint of the Mafia was said to be in the 1920?s, and slowly it decreased until the end of World War II when organized crime came back with much stronger than when the war started. This shows a good understanding of what the Mafia is capable of doing in short periods of time. The men who have tried to get rid of the Mafia time in and time out have made some progress. "Responsible groups of Americans have, at times, waged campaigns in the media to obliterate any assumption that crime is dominated by people of Italian descent, claiming that existence of an American Mafia had not been fully established" (Mafia Image). The opinions will differ in that sense. Some say that the Mafia is a vast organization that continues to grow in power, while others say that if the mafia still exists to this day, the old ways of organized crime will never be the same as it has been in this century. The desi re, need, brutality, wisdom, and style of what we know as the Mafia only exists in books and movies. No matter the opinion, the Mafia still claims the place in American History if it still exists or not.

New horizons in standardized work techniques for manufacturing and business process improvement Essay

This document analysis different business improvements techniques stating the benefits and limitations of the improvement techniques and going further to reviewing and reflect on the social, commercial and economical factors that affect these business improvement techniques. Investigation on the engineering and manufacturing processes and systems by explaining in details one type of the system known as the lean or Sigma manufacturing system in depth is critically evaluated based on benefits to business: productivity, quality and cost. In today’s very competitive market environment, there is a dire need for enterprises to ensure continual improvement in all their operations. Manufacturing companies always continue to face increasing pressure to improve the quality of their products, to increase productivity and to reduce costs with the available scarce resources. Service firms need to reduce their response time so as to eliminate errors and ensure customer satisfaction. Deployment of suitable techniques to ensure continued improvement thus proves to be a necessity. Through these techniques process capability need to be enhanced which will do away with any kind of defects? Mechanical Engineering is a field of engineering that deals with the application of engineering principles, physics and material science to analysis, designing , in manufacturing and in mechanical systems. Manufacturing Engineering on the other hand is still field of engineering that deals with various manufacturing processes and practices, research and development of the manufacturing systems, machines, equipment and tools and outline of the manufacturing processes being a core part and parcel of this field. BITs (Business Improvement Techniques)                  Business improvement techniques or process improvements also known as business process reengineering entails improving the quality, productivity and the response time of a business process by doing away with activities that add no value and also doing away with unnecessary business costs. An improvement technique(s) thus brings about overall effectiveness in the business operations and processes through optimization of the organization`s underlying processes and activities so as to achieve more and more efficient results. Business Improvement Techniques are very important and beneficial for the different types and sizes of companies in each and every sector so as to remain competitive and relevant in today’s challenging business environment. Implementation of Business Improvement Techniques usually requires a dynamic culture change throughout the whole organization. The organizations that have been in a position to successfully implement a philosophy of continuous improvement over the time have had benefits of reduced costs of operations reduced inventory costs, increased sales and profitability, improved team work and better customer service level and thus leading to customer satisfaction. These Business Improvement Techniques can apply to the organization as a whole in any particular sector of the economy starting from service providers, to government departments to the health care sector then to construction, agriculture and also from manufacturing. The techniques are also very pivotal in the development of a vision, goals, objectives and a strategy towards yielding extraordinary gains in the business. Through these Techniques proper mapping and identification of key processes is done and the information is systems are designed to ensure that information flows within the whole organization in the right order and manner. Another benefit of these techniques is that through them defective points are noted or identified and areas or points of â€Å"waste† are also identified. Recommendations in terms of ways and methods of introducing business those which will eliminate waste and provide bottom line benefits to the business are formulated. Despite the fact that Business Improvement Techniques have numerous bottom line benefits the techniques still have some limitations. The process of Business Improvement Technique is quite engaging and tiresome it surely requires diligence, dedication and concentrated efforts for it to bear fruits or yield the expected results. The process is also usually costly to implement despite having very many benefits it requires resources in terms of skilled and experienced manpower, hiring of experts and also machinery, tools and equipments especially for a manufacturing organization so as to effect the recommended changes. Thorough and detailed analysis of any available information and gathering of data may in a way strain the organization. In-depth training of workers and staff, regular monitoring and evaluation thorough planning, scheduling and organizing are also highly inevitable if the improvement technique is to succeed. It also takes time for the benefits of implementing the improvement technique to be realized at times even years after the start of the implementation process. Resistance to changes by some people in the organization is also an expected limitation in an endeavor to improve the business, some factions in the organization may feel threatened and insecure with the changes brought about by the techniques in terms of changes to processes and systems in the organization. At times workers and even some customers tend to oppose changes to the existing processes and systems. Difficulties can also be experienced before the new established or streamlined processes and systems can become ful ly operational and functional. The Sigma Six                  Sigma Six is a powerful management philosophy business improvement technique developed by Motorola that champions setting of very high objectives, collection of data and its analysis to give out results to a really high degree so as to reduce defects in the products and services offered by the organization. The word â€Å"Sigma† originates from a Greek letter sigma which is usually used to denote variation from a certain set standard. The Six Sigma philosophy is based on the fact that if you take consideration of the many number of defects through measuring there is in a process then it becomes easier to figure out how to eliminate the defects systematically and get near to perfection as much as possible. For Six sigma to be achieved by any organization or company it cannot be producing more than 3.4 defects per one million opportunities in which case an opportunity is taken to mean a chance for nonconformance. Sigma Six has six processes namely Six Sigma DMAIC and Six Sigma DMADV, each term deduced from the major steps in the process. Six Sigma DMAIC is a process that deals with defining, measuring, analyzing, improving, and controlling of existing processes that fall below the Six Sigma standard or specification. Six Sigma DMADV deals with defining, measuring and analyzing designs and also verification of new processes and even products that are striving to achieve the Six Sigma quality. All Six Sigma processes are implemented by Six Sigma Green Belts or Six Sigma Black Belts, which are then overseen by a Six Sigma Master Black Belts. Six Sigma proponents argue that it has mega benefits to the company. These benefits include an up to 50% process cost decrease, cycle-time improvement, a less waste of materials and company`s resources, a better understanding of customer needs and requirements, multiplied customer satisfaction, and also more reliable products and services that can be trusted . Six Sigma can be a really costly improvement technique to implement and can even take several years before the company begins to see its benefits or bottom-line results. Some of the Companies that have practiced and still practice Six Sigma are, General Electric, Texas Instruments, Scientific-Atlanta, Allied Signal and many others. Cases showing application of Six Sigma Technique in the Industry                  The samples below shows some Six Sigma projects evidencing the improvements and changes to processes and systems that were ongoing some of which were very problematic and people would wonder whether those problems could have actually been saved at all at all. It is the Six Sigma technique or approach that leads to these companies identifying their problems and thus be in a position to seek solutions to them many of these projects that were tackled by Six Sigma teams would not have been tackled or addressed at all. Some of these sample cases are: Sample Case 1: CANCEL THAT NEW PLANT                  The case involved a highly successful new pain-killer drug, a pharmaceutical company launched plans to set up a $200 million production facility so as to double its capacity. As the effort of setting it up were starting some people from the company who were new participants in the company’s Six Sigma effort resolved to investigate some of the short-term steps that can boost production in the existing plant. As they collected data, the group or participants first realized that it was only about 40 percent of the drug that was being packaged was usable or could be used. Looking further, they discovered that the sealing method that was being used for the drug vials was very inconsistent that some of them would not be completely closed, while at the same time others were too long to fit in the box. The team thus used a number of testing and refining of the Sealing process by use of different design experiments methods and finally determined the very best combination of inputs or factors that is the time, temperature, distance and so on that could be used to ensure a good seal. Effecting these changes and an addition of few $50 parts to regulate and change the sealing equipment was done and there was no need of establishing the new plant. Sample Case 2: REPAIRING REPAIRS                  A major organization dealing with appliances repair realized the need to improve its capacity to return items to the customers in accordance to when the goods were promised to be returned. Many are the times that repairs were late and the customers became disappointed when they would call in or drop by the organization premises to pick up their appliances or computer. A multi-level DMAIC team decided to narrow their scope to two repair locations and to diligently and carefully analyze all the causes leading to late repairs. The first discovery is that the time taken to repair one product was only part of the problem and that the time taken to ship appliances back and forth from repair shop to the customer site also was the main and big contributor to delays or missed dates. Based on the findings together with the cost/benefit analysis the team in assistance with other colleagues engaged in the two pilot facilities or projects implemented a few changes so as to streamline the process and increase the number of appliances being returned to customers when promised. Lean Sigma on Manufacturing Systems and its Importance in the Production system                  The value of Lean Manufacturing System is best comprehended when at the particular time that its impact of change on economics is properly understood. This manufacturing engineering philosophy is based on designing a manufacturing process or system that very well blends together the essentials of minimizing cost and maximizing profit. The main fundamentals with these systems are Labor, Materials and Machines or Equipment referred to as 3Ms of manufacturing. A very well balanced 3M results in: Maximum utilization of both skilled and unskilled labor; optimal use of the plant size; Smooth traffic movement of materials, labor and automotives. It can also lead to minimum grand total manufacturing costs of the products being produced; Reduce investment; reducing labor requirement and utilization of more productive equipment. Disposition of less productive or unproductive equipments; Flexibility to keeping in pace with market and customer changes and also Increa se Return on Net Asset are other results of use the 3M fundamentals. Three steps involved in the accomplishment of the ultimate manufacturing engineering lean philosophy namely: The first step is to design a simple manufacturing system; one commences the process of system design as simple as possible with just a low volume through the system. The second step is the realization that there is always a room for improvements and thus refining the first step as much as possible. The third step is to continuously work on and improve the lean manufacturing system design concept with addition of the appropriate insertion of and balance of automations, conveyors and in necessary cases the buffer stocks. Additional concepts can be generated that could lead to satisfaction of product and the technical marketing requirements of the products. Through a thorough re-examination of intra- and inter- technologies, through past production process errors and the lessons learned. The competitive analysis of techno-communication may be applicable and finally selection of the proper manufacturing system concepts to be adopted for further considerations or developments should be based upon a thorough analysis performed or done in accordance with the established selection criteria. Consideration of two manufacturing systems that when they are combined give rise to Lean Manufacturing system that is the Flow Manufacturing System and Agile Manufacturing System. Designing a Simple Manufacturing System through flow manufacturing is a time-based process that joins together a smooth production system without any disruption. Rapidly and smoothly flowing materials from raw materials to finished goods through systematic balancing of the laborers or operators, the machine and equipment to customer demands or requirements. The objective of Flow Manufacturing is to provide the ultimate response and also produce the customer requirement, benefits of this goal being to decrease the Total Product Cycle Time, increased productivity and also increased the per capital equipment utilization. In this system of Flow Manufacturing, the performance and output is measured by the Total Product Cycle Time also referred to as the Critical Path. Total Product Cycle Time is the longest lead time path right away from raw materials to finished goods it is the quickest possible response to a customer order with finished products. Lead Time consideration and analysis is derived from the Critical Path which helps us to outline opportunities so as to reduce or eliminate Non-Value-Adding activities and in the process shortening the Total Cycle Product Time. When reducing the variations in the rate of flow in the manufacturing system, the lead time will be reduced. These variations can be reduced through random downtimes, higher uptime, through quick changeover, lower downtime and also through improved quality through error proofs, self checks, and equipment product centered cellular layouts. Agile Manufacturing is quite a profitable manufacturing system that is closely inter-twined to the concept of Flow Manufacturing. It goes further and builds on the Flow Manufacturing concept to further reduce the lead time, optimize asset utilization or use and build to customer demand by focusing on being able to aptly respond to customer requests and demands. It has an assumption that the customer requirement or specifications and volumes which is based on continuous changes. Program lead time is the form of measurement of Agile Manufacturing performance. The main goal is to have a system that has a smooth flow of material while at the same time maximizing the value added activities of the operator. There are other situations in the system design process that requires special consideration such as situations include: Manufacturing Process, Manufacturing System, Value Added (VA) activities and the Non Value Added (NVA) activities. The manufacturing process entails the equipments used to create, to alter, to assemble, to measure and tests the product with the objective of meeting a pre-determined product requirement. This equipment includes machines, tools, fixtures, and gauges such as drills, grinders and test stands. The manufacturing system involves the combination of labor and manufacturing process which are then linked together with materials handling both manual or automated so as to move the material or product from one manufacturing point to the next process and to the next until it is processed into a finished product. VA or Value Added is any activity that is performed to a product as it moves along the production process that the customer perceived as actually addition of value to the product. The NVA (Non Valuable Activities) are all the activities that are associated with the production process that happen not to be adding any value to the product and thus not necessary to be performed but it is st ill nonetheless performed at the current moment awaiting the emergence or arousal of awareness on availability of better methods to replace it. In Lean Manufacturing however the manufacturing cost does not necessarily have a steep drop as the volume requirements or demands of customer’s changes. This is because of the product flexibility and also equipment flexibility that can be very well incorporated into the Lean Manufacturing System. This system is mostly characterized with: investment which are done as required, more flexible equipment, more adaptability to uncertain markets in terms of volumes and products and also characterized with smaller capacity increments and more product(s) flexibility. Lean manufacturing system design needs to be continuously improved so as to aptly respond to the customer requirements and to ensure this is by having flexibility of equipment and have the capability to match it with the product flexibility. Having uncertain customer requirements makes it important to examine the manufacturing costs over a range of volumes also been very keen not to produce beyond the requirements. This system is characterized with: investments committed upfront which is usually quite high; more rigid and complicated equipment and larger capacity increments with high customer volume demands or requirements for long periods Lean Manufacturing System has potential for greater profitability which highly depends on utilization of its resources that is the 3Ms in terms of the materials moving the Value Activities or VA, man or labor working by adding value to the product, machine running in a manner that is more productive. Lean Manufacturing System can be successfully adopted in new manufacturing system or environment, in an existing manufacturing system requiring capitalization, new equipments or even in product relocation. In conclusion given the increasing competitiveness in the market place it would be suicidal for a business to ignore continual improvement in its systems and operations. Manufacturing companies specifically will always continue to face increasing pressure to improve the quality of their products, to increase productivity and to reduce costs with the available scarce resources. Use of the right Business Improvement Techniques to ensure continued improvement of the business to as to keep afloat of competition and deal with changes in its environment. From this paper it is clear that Business Improvement Techniques dramatically decreases the waste chain in the business operations and also reduces the Inventory and floor space requirements. Creation of more robust production processes and systems and also appropriate material delivery systems are established and there is improved layouts for more flexibility in business as a result of the Business Improvement Techniques and thus should b e a priority for any business to consider embracing. References Marcos, M. (2012). Advances in manufacturing systems selected, peer reviewed papers from the 4th Manufacturing Engineering Society International Conference, September 2011, Cadiz, Spain. Durnten-Zurich, Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications. Martin, T. D., & Bell, J. T. (2011). New horizons in standardized work techniques for manufacturing and business process improvement. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Meyer, U. B., & Creux, S. E. (2009). Process oriented analysis: design and optimization of industrial production systems. Boca Raton, FL: CRC/Taylor & Francis. Olaru, A. (2012). Optimization of the mechanical engineering, manufacturing systems, robotics and aerospace selected, peer reviewed papers from the 7th International Conference on Optimization of the Mechanical Engineering, Manufacturing systems, Robotics and Aerospace (OP. Stafa-Zurich: TTP Trans Tech Publications. Rogers, D. (2011). The future of lean Sigma thinking in a changing business environment. Baco Raton, FL.: CRC Press. Source document