Conscientization

The English term â€Å"conscientization† is a translation of the Portuguese term conscientizacao, which is also translated as â€Å"consciousness raising† and â€Å"critical consciousness†. The term was popularized by Brazilian educator, activist, and theorist Paulo Freire in his 1970 work Pedagogy of the Oppressed. Freire was teaching the poor and illiterate members of Brazilian society to read at a time when literacy was a requirement for suffrage and dictators ruled many South American countries.Critical consciousness proceeds through the identification of â€Å"generative themes†, which Freire identifies as â€Å"iconic representations that have a powerful emotional impact in the daily lives of learners. † In this way, individual consciousness helps end the â€Å"culture of silence† in which the socially dispossessed internalize the negative images of themselves created and propagated by the oppressor in situations of extreme poverty.Libe rating learners from this mimicry of the powerful, and the fratricidal violence that results therefrom is a major goal of critical consciousness. Critical consciousness is a fundamental aspect of Freire's concept of popular education. Arlene Goldbard, an author on the subject of community cultural development finds the concept of conscientization to be a foundation of community cultural development. From the glossary of Goldbard's 2006 book New Creative Community. â€Å"Conscientization is an ongoing process by which a learner moves toward critical consciousness. This process is the heart of liberatory education. It differs from â€Å"consciousness raising† in that the latter may involve transmission of preselected knowledge. Conscientization means breaking through prevailing mythologies to reach new levels of awareness—in particular, awareness of oppression, being an â€Å"object† of others’ will rather than a self-determining â€Å"subject. The proces s of conscientization involves identifying contradictions in experience through dialogue and becoming part of the process of changing the world. â€Å"[2] History of application The ancient Greeks first identified the essence of critical consciousness when philosophers encouraged their students to develop an â€Å"impulse and willingness to stand back from humanity and nature†¦ [and] to make them objects of thought and criticism, and to search for their meaning and significance. 3] In his books Pedagogy of the Oppressed[4] and Education for Critical Consciousness,[5] Freire explains critical consciousness as a sociopolitical educative tool that engages learners in questioning the nature of their historical and social situation, which Freire addressed as â€Å"reading the world†. The goal of critical consciousness, according to Freire, should be acting as subjects in the creation of democratic society. In education, Freire implies intergenerational equity between studen ts and teachers in which both learn, both question, both reflect and both participate in meaning-making.Using this idea, and describing current instructional methods as homogenization and lockstep standardization, alternative approaches are proposed, such as the Sudbury model of democratic education schools, an alternative approach in which children, by enjoying personal freedom thus encouraged to exercise personal responsibility for their actions, learn at their own pace rather than following a previously imposed chronologically-based curriculum. [6][7][8] In a similar form students learn all the subjects, techniques and skills in these schools.The staff are minor actors, the â€Å"teacher† is an adviser and helps just when asked. [9][10] Sudbury model of democratic education schools maintain that values, social justice, critical consciousness, intergenerational equity, and political consciousness included, must be learned through experience,[11][12][13][14] as Aristotle sai d: â€Å"For the things we have to learn before we can do them, we learn by doing them. â€Å"[15] Picking up on Freire's definition of critical consciousness, Joe L. Kincheloe has expanded the definition of the concept in his work on postformalism.In Kincheloe's formulation postformalism connects cognition to critical theoretical questions of power and social justice. In this context Kincheloe constructs a critical theory of cognition that explores questions of meaning, emancipation vis-a-vis ideological inscription, and a particular focus on the socio-political construction of the self. With these concerns in mind Kincheloe's postformal critical consciousness engages questions of purpose, issues of human dignity, freedom, authority, reconceptualized notions of reason, intellectual quality, and social responsibility.Postformal critical consciousness stimulates a conversation between critical pedagogy and a wide range of social, cultural, political economic, psychological, and phi losophical concerns. Kincheloe employs this â€Å"multilogical conversation† to shape new modes of self-awareness, more effective forms of social, political, and pedagogical action, and an elastic model of an evolving critical consciousness (Kincheloe and Steinberg, 1993; Kincheloe, 1999; Thomas and Kincheloe, 2006).Freire's development of critical consciousness has been expanded upon in several academic disciplines and common applications[16] Public health community collaborations focused on HIV prevention for women,[17] the role of critical consciousness in adult education,[18] and the effect of peer pressure on cigarette smokers[19] Freire's notion of critical consciousness is, in part, a type of political consciousness. * Conscientization refers to a type of learning which is focused on perceiving and exposing social and political contradictions.Conscientization also includes taking action against oppressive elements in one's life as part of that learning. —  "Conscientization – Psychology Wiki†, * A conscientization strategy concerned with increasing people's sensitivity to the implications of gender inequality, and demanding that problems of gender discrimination be identified and overcome in policies and programs. Gender awareness means a high level of gender conscientization. — â€Å"Article – Gender 101 – Gender Sensitivity†, coa. gov. ph * down * up

Others

In today's society, humans are quick to Judge others based on what they believe. Communities tend to negatively view people who are different and do not fit into their own norms. All cultures have norms but they have differences that do not adapt with the dominant core culture in the United States. How we create the other Is from our beliefs, values, and behaviors. If other people do not fit into a certain structure, we often have assumptions against them. Growing up In a particular neighborhood related with gang influences and doing graffiti Is usually not accepted by many people.In Ruben Martinet's essay â€Å"Going up In LA†, he shows the community of the graffiti artists and how they get discriminated for what they do. Graffiti artist Pooh describes writing as a community because It Is a source of communication with other writers all over the city (Pig 104 ‘1 14 1. This community uses this form of art to express their feelings, thoughts, and messages In public. They compose their own culture together by having a passion for â€Å"bombing† around town with their meaningful pieces. Tiers from the Stateside state that when they do graffiti they are being blame for vandalism but when whites do it is called art (Pig 106 23 There is a distinction based on race and class which irritates most stateside writers. They do come from poor neighborhoods and low class families but that should not mean their way of art should be treated as a false conation. Though there many people that might not understand graffiti. In the eyes of the LAP, they typically see graffiti as not art and illegal unlike approved city murals.Stuart Haines assumes there is only way o put an absolute stop on graffiti, â€Å"The real answer is to pass tougher laws to punish the graffiti artists who deface public property, along with the gang members who are identifying their turf† (Pig 109 '31 , 34 ). Most officials and adults strongly disagree with the acts of graffiti. T hey are seeking for other alternatives to get rid of graffiti artists. There is a reason why these young men do this specific type of writing. Mary Trotter said, â€Å"We haven't looked at why they're painting. They want to communicate something to us, and we're not listening (Pig 109 36 ).Since writers are considered as â€Å"others† in the society they do not understand what conveys in writing. There is a difference between graffiti art and graffiti which gang members use to mark up as their territory. One has more meaning than the other while the other type of writing signifies owning a property or area. Graffiti artists should not be Judge poorly from where to come from and how their art looks like. People fear the unknown which they to tend to do anything to try to exclude themselves from people who do not fit Into their standards.In Peter Marina's essay â€Å"Helping and Hating the Homeless†, he describes how the homeless people are often stereotyped and feared for what they are. Simply because the homeless are homeless, they are known to be threat. Their existence creates violence which we feel our sense of safety Is being taken away (Pig 172 24). Many middle class people feel this way about the homeless. Since they are strangers, people look at them with Ignorance and have a sense of worry when around them. There are many reasons why we feel this precise way about the homeless.Our reaction to the homeless Is based on our cultural attitudes, train of understanding about the homeless that it has become an instinct to label them as dangerous in our society. Since mostly everyone feels this way, it is difficult to control and clear our perspective of the homeless. Even in the history in Europe, the bourgeois did not want to deal with beggars. They believe this certain group of people were unable to progress, irrelevant, and hopeless in this order of living. (Pig 174 ‘1 28). Due to these discriminations, our society saw them this way as likewise; which is how we create boundaries because of their differences.One of Marina's students paper illustrates her first experience at a Rescue Mission on skid row. She gives details on how repulsive of these people habits are. She mentally had the feeling dirty around them because they were strange and unclean to her (Pig 174 ‘l 31). Many people perceive the homeless as trash and inhumane. This is the issue between the homeless and our society because we want to see our self in order to accept them. Our lifestyles do differ with the homeless but that does not mean we would reject them from our living.Instead reach and help them out because at some point in their life they were like any normal person. Women throughout the American history are often portrayed with weak images. They do not have equal roles in society, particular Jobs, politics, and in other settings. Women did not receive the same equal treatment or rights as men did. They could not vote until the 19th ame ndment was passed in August 18, 1920. Women had to fight for their rights some way or another to prove they were no different than the men. It is most common for omen to be Judged in the workforce.Women were usually encouraged to enter into careers which are associated due to their gender. Career paths such as nursing, teachers, childcare, or even a home stay mother were consider as good roles for women. This limited females to many opportunities because it discouraged them to attempt any work that was reserve for men. Early in the United States, women were distinguished that they lack skills and did not compare to what men can do. Women should not be characterized entirely because of their gender. They deserve equality ND not feel inferior to men.Rather than having projections on to other groups, our society should acknowledge our negative imperfections. We cannot always urge our opinions and Judgments solely because we differentiate from these groups. The pessimistic stereotyping that we give to these people affects not only them but our society as well. Everyone comes from various communities and cultures vary from one another. The main argument of how the other is created is because we want to see ourselves in those people. If they do not adjust to our ideals we refuse them in our daily living.

Discovery Museum Gold Rush History Center

The visit I made to the Discovery Museum Gold Rush History Center in Sacramento, California, proved to be highly informative, entertaining, and a two-hour well spent. The experience afforded me a lot of learnings from the Gold Rush period that I didn't know before. Before I made the tour of the four galleries inside the building, I first went to the visitors' information center, wherein an introduction regarding the building's construction has been shown in a nine-minute film clip.Based on the clip shown, I learned that the museum is a replica of the original building that was built in 1854 that previously housed the City of Sacramento's city hall, dormitory for the fire department, jail, police station, and court. The original structure had suffered from structural problems and was declared unsafe many years later. It was finally demolished about sixty years later in 1913.The replica building has been modified on some sides in line with its being a museum showcasing history, science and technology. The Gold Rush Center's exhibits are in The Lure of Gold gallery. The museum's arrangement of events is well organized and unique. From there, I was able to see gold nuggets on display and artifacts and implements used by miners from the Gold Rush era. The Gold Rush in California was a defining moment in history that changed Sacramento forever.Sacramento became the center of that event in 1849. People from all over the world went to this city hoping to make themselves rich. Previously, this gallery has showcased a typical miner's travel and lifestyle. Aside from the exhibits, there are also hands-on activities for children and interactive programs to help the present generation get a better understanding of the past.

Social impacts of tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social impacts of tourism - Essay Example But not all of the results of successful tourism are necessarily beneficial. While the economic impact is usually the primary focus, it is the social impacts that tend to be less considered. It is important to understand the side of the people who call these amazing far away destinations their home. Whenever tourism booms in a given location the majority of the time the initial response is wholly positive. The newfound and continuing income that tourism can provide is a particular incentive. (Blasco Peris) Tourism, also, provides more enjoyable activities, better maintenance of streets and popular architecture, finer dining and businesses, new infrastructure, and ideally greater local pride. It can, also, contribute to positive population growth, intercultural communication, and a rise in a locale’s property values.("Tourism Social Indicators" 2) All of these things turn a given location into a very lucrative place. One of the highlights of tourism for a local population is th e fact that to accommodate the demand of visitors it may lead to a huge growth in employment opportunities. The Dambulla Tourism Destination, in Sri Lanka, was determined to make sure that the residents were involved and supportive of the tourism moving into their area. The tourism created an 85% increase in potential employment.(Chandralal 3) However, not all of the social impacts of tourism are good. Sometimes the tourism brings with a slew of side-effects that have negative impacts on the populations that are being visited. The cost of living may increase. There may be an increase in drugs and alcohol related incidents, along with overall greater crime rates. All of these are a consideration. There can be issues of overcrowding and greater use of public resources, like heath, police, and fire services. ("Tourism Social Indicators" 2) But it is the disruption of local traditions and life that can have the greatest negative impact. Tourism is an invasion, of sorts. It may be a peac eful and unintentionally intrusive invasion, but all the same, an invasion.(Blasco Peris) The presence of tourists is disruptive to the day to day life of the local populations. It must be quite overwhelming when large amounts of tourists, with strange languages and attitudes very different from what they may be accustomed to are surrounding them. A community can become so dependent upon the tourism income that they give up traditional tasks to work in the jobs demanded that tourism has created.(Ragsdale) It can change the feel and familiarity of the locals with their home surroundings and cause them to not feel at home in their own homes. This usually occurs when the number of tourist reach a certain point that the local population may start to feel smothered. It is when this happens and the benefits of tourism are not being felt, the local population may become resentful and unpleasant to the tourists; treating the tourists like terrorists.(Blasco Peris) Tourists never intended to become a nuisance to the locales that they visit, but all the same, it can happen. Many of the experts say that tourism will never be successful unless the local people are in agreement, they need that support to make a sustainable tourism industry in their communities a success. (Chandralal 2) That is why many areas that are considering opening themselves up and encouraging tourism are working harder, than in the past, to gain

Religious belief system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Religious belief system - Essay Example Perceptive on theism, philosophy, spirituality, and other beliefs are similar and dissimilar from what one considers of ‘religion’, can assist a lot in understanding the religion. Few points out where the outer borders of religion exist, whereas some assist to identify with what religion essentially comprises. The Baptists are one of the major denominations of protestant and form 35 million members globally. They differentiate themselves from Protestants mainly on their firmness on: baptism of adult believers only; they are concerned of the freedom of speech and conscience and freedom from interferences; they give dominance to Scripture in matters of faith, doctrine, and morals; and the authority they give to congregation in church affairs. The precursors of present day Baptists were the Anabaptists - members of a radical movement of the 16th-century reformation which believed in the dominance of the Bible, in baptism as an external witness of the believers personal covenant of inner faith, and in separation of church from state and of believers from nonbelievers - of the reformation period. Few Anabaptist worshippers were settled in Holland in the early 17th century when large number of Puritan Independents, escaped from England to Holland. These Puritans were influenced by the Anabaptists, and were persuaded that Christian baptism was correct only for adults with a personal faith and commitment. After going back to England, this group formed the first Baptist worshippers in 1611. According to Baptists beliefs the Christian lives are as one of individual faith and of solemn commitment to live in accordance with the highest Christian principles. Hence each individual must be reborn, renewed into a new life, and get together into the church community. As a matter of fact for Baptists, the church is in essence the result of change and of refinement, a society of dedicated advocates. In fact the church is holy only when the belief

Professional Development Plan Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Professional Development Plan - Term Paper Example Professional Development Plan My educational life was initially like that of any other learner. Elementary school and high school education was similar to that of any other learners. My interest, however, was based in the sciences. I had the desire to understand the working of the human body and what causes disease. My nature inclines me to caring for people, so seeing people suffer really affects me. I am a firm believer that if all people worked together to help those who are less fortunate, the world would be more habitable for all. Interest in sciences directed me to participate in science clubs and activities all through my elementary and high school education. I also actively participated in the first aid society at my school. The members participated in community service. Community service has been a significant part of my learning life. Whenever opportunities presented themselves, I found this experience enlightening. I am currently pursuing a nursing career, and I have an associate degree which helped me realize the aspects that nursing incorporates. During the course of study, I was able to get experience in addressing real-life patient situations. My goals are, however, focused on advancing my nursing career beyond my current qualifications. There are several options that I could pursue, and as such, ensure a productive career that not only is fulfilling, but also of benefit to the society. In planning for my nursing career, I have come to the realization that following a course without planning is equivalent to career suicide.

Hypotheses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Hypotheses - Essay Example o setting prices that are lower than the competitors’ selling prices, the company must exert extra efforts to generate future customers’ demands for the company products. Customers prefer buying the lower priced products, all other factors being of equal importance (Bowman, 2010). Further, the next information needed is the advertising and promotion budget. With a higher budget, more target customers are reached. Consequently, more advertisements will persuade more target customers to try the new company product, compared to allocating a minimal advertising budget (Bowman, 2010). Furthermore, the marketing study must include the competitors’ prices. The customers’ prices will influence the demand for the company’s products. The competitors may institute cut-throat competition pricings, selling products at the lowest market price. The competitors are hoping that the cash-strapped and price-conscious target clients will prefer the lowest priced product in the market (Bowman, 2010). Moreover, the market test will show the current demand for the product. The company must determine whether the current competitors are supplying all the needs of the target markets. The current demand will indicate whether the market is saturated. Compared to a target market where all the competitors are not able to current supply the target markets’ present and future product demands, It is more difficult to sell a product in a saturated market because all the customers’ demand are presently met (Bowman, 2010). Further, the product quality must be determined. A poor quality product will generate low demand and higher product returns. However, high quality products will generate high customer demand. Quality affects the sales output (Bowman, 2010). Furthermore, location plays an important role in generating sales (Bowman, 2010). The product must be sold in places that customers can easily access. To save on transportation, customers will prefer buying from the nearest

Is Total Quality Management Enough For Competitive Advantage Research Paper - 2

Is Total Quality Management Enough For Competitive Advantage - Research Paper Example And TQM is one of the responses developed. However, currently, there are some concerns regarding its viability. As such, this paper intends to address the question Is Total Quality Management enough for competitive advantage? In lieu of this, the aims of this paper are to provide ample literature that will reinforce and attest to the positive aspects of TQM and at the same time explain its ramifications in the business context. And more importantly, to gain insight regarding TQM and competitive advantage. In order to achieve these aims, in this research, historical or library research has been undertaken together with a qualitative interview of actual practitioners of TQM. In the library research undertaken, numerous secondary data that are made available and are deemed significant in attaining a clearer and better understanding of TQM and its positive aspects are utilised for the literature review. Together with the literature review, primary research has also been undertaken to get first-hand information regarding TQM from the scholars and actual practitioners of the field. The collection of primary data is significant as it pertains to the actual experience of people who are actually adapting and using TQM in their respective companies. Through the research study, it has been found out that TQM is undeniably advantageous to corporations or organisations that employ it. Several advantages have been found out in the course of the research. A significant finding is a hesitance among the interviewed practitioners of TQM when asked whether TQM is enough to attain competitive advantage. It can be claimed that the aims of this paper have been achieved and that the limitations posed by this paper open new avenues for further research. Globalisation is a contemporary phenomenon known only within the last fifty years (Soros, 2002).

Job opportunities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Job opportunities - Essay Example Theories are essential d. Determination, perseverance and diligence IV. Importance of training a. Training with good performers b. Training to be observant c. Training to be cautious d. Training with my communication skills V. Conclusion a. Job opportunities b. Emphasis on importance of education c. Emphasis on importance of training d. Continuing studies As a child, I always dreamed of flying an aircraft one day. I often stood in awe looking up to the sky whenever a plane flew by our place and this stirred my desire even more to be in one of the planes that will fly by our place in the future. I have always been fascinated by planes so that whenever my father told me to buy something as a present, I always asked for a toy plane. I remember removing the parts of my toys, studying how they are made, looking into the inside parts to satisfy my curiosity. Sometimes, I have to keep my toy planes because I cannot put back the parts anymore but there are other times that I successfully man age to reassemble my toys and during those times, I always felt good about myself. This further strengthened my dream to someday work with planes. Airplanes always fascinated me from my childhood days until this time. When I grew older, I stepped up from just playing with toy planes to looking up books about planes and reading them, devouring every information like it was the only food that would sate me. I collected pictures of planes because I can compare the different designs. Looking at photographs, I was amazed even more at how large planes could really be in contrast to the toy cars that I have been used to holding. I understood through the photographs that the planes could be a lot bigger than the people who make them and this struck me so much I have spent more time thinking about how people could create an enormous craft that could carry many people and still be able to lift itself higher than the birds which have nothing to carry but themselves. These circumstances helped me to decide to take aviation engineering in order for me to reach my dreams. Luckily, my parents are very supportive of me and I take it as a great privilege for them to have sent me to a good school where they believe I can earn the knowledge and training necessary for me to succeed in my plans. My education is the first that I have considered in the achievement of my dreams because it is very essential. I know that through education, I can gain the necessary knowledge I should possess in order for me to be able to competently perform my duties as an aviation engineer. The theories that are learned in school definitely are better understood with the help of the different professors and engineers who have the wealth of information and experience. This is the reason why I chose to enroll in a respected school because I believe that the school defines the quality of education provided to students. As a student, I am doing my best to learn the theories related to aviation engineering. There are many difficulties presented through the process but I am determined to finish my studies as a product of my perseverance and diligence. I am reading more books than ever to enrich my knowledge and to widen the scope of information I am receiving from my professors. I am working more intently on my mathematical and drafting skills because they are needed in the course and in my future job. Theories are not always enough in learning so as a part of my preparations; I look forward to training with good performers in the field of

Managing Global Hospitality Essay Example for Free

Managing Global Hospitality Essay The importance of developing services for a company that deals with hospitality industry is obvious. This is because competition in the hospitality industry is so intense that only providers that can attract customers at appropriate ways can win the market. The situation drives corporations to place lots of advertising to influence customers. Television, urban areas, shopping centers, and corners of the streets, for example, share similar characteristics that they are full of advertising and promotion at various forms such as billboards, running text, large screens and many others. In marketing study, promotion becomes one factor of marketing strategy that influences salability of a product in addition to product, place, and pricing. The mixture of the four components, which often refer to marketing mix, creates opportunity for marketers to design, create, promote, and sell products creatively. In order to describe how the services marketing strategies are applied in a real case, we use the profile of Tourism Hotels and Leisure Ltd, an Australian-based service company, and further analyze this company by using the M-S model. Concerning the issue, this paper has two objectives as following: ? Evaluating the structure, environment and issues that face international hospitality organizations (Tourism Hotels and Leisure Ltd) ? Using the non-participant observation method, this paper is to analyze product offering of service products by using Multi-Segment (M-S) model on Tourism Hotels and Leisure Ltd Tourism, Hotels and Leisure Limited is a global accommodation management company based in Sydney and listed on the Australian Stock Exchange since 1985. There are several key business asset of the company, which are: proprietary hotel operating systems, intellectual properties, trade marks and management franchise agreements (‘Golden Tulip Brands’, 2005). Currently, as the company keeps committing to two keys of corporate performances: risk diversification and growth strategy, the company faces several challenges from worldwide tourism and hotel chains companies. Risk Diversification of Tourism Hotels and Leisure Ltd Currently, the company owned five hotel brands in Asia pacific, which are: Grand Pacific Suites resorts, Pacific International Suites, Apartments Resorts; Golden tulip Hotels, Inns Resorts, Plaza Hotels and Pensione Hotels. The company, together with its affiliates, has more that 435 hotels, in 370 locations across 43 countries in five continents. In Asia Pacific alone the company owned 53 hotels providing up to 4,200 rooms. In Australia, the company recently purchased the Plaza hotels consist of a group of 30 hotels in mid market category (‘THL’, 2005). In hospitality industry, the major risk is to lose customers and cause low occupancy rate, therefore, in performing risk diversification, Tourism Hotels and Leisure Ltd has conducted a series of business expansion and diversification. For example, the company has just added five new hotels coming in Australasia with the addition of Golden Tulip Airport Hotel, Melbourne (Tourism, Hotels Leisure Limited (THL), 2005). In addition, the company also develops new retention program by introducing Connections, which composes of frequent flyer and other loyalty programs. The programs are valid at 15 international airlines to all Pacific International properties (Tourism, Hotels Leisure Limited (THL), 2005). In order to achieve the objective to perform risk diversification; at least there are two actions that Tourism, Hotels Leisure Limited (THL) can perform as following: ? THL should develop and maintain quality services. For instance, THL conducts a series of workshops that train the company’s managements and employees concerning THL programs and service objectives. This objective to carry out these workshops is to monitor and then maintain the quality of service in all THL facility in order to fulfill customers’ needs ? Use quality assurance tools like Balanced Score Card in order to enable THL in monitoring the company’s financial and operational performance and check whether they still comply with improved customer’s satisfaction. Growth Strategy of Tourism Hotels and Leisure Ltd The competition in hospitality industry is fierce. The situation encourages corporations in the industry to expand into international market. According to a study, the development in hospitality industry is caused by two factors: MA activities and Market Segmentation. The later, market segmentation, is popular in the industry since it enables a hotel group to expand and strengthen their presence without competing between their own brands in a certain markets. Marriott, Sheraton, Accor, Holiday Inn are examples of hotel groups that maintain vast brands. According to Philip Kotler (2000) in his book Marketing Management, marketing in 21st century shows attractive ways since corporations are encouraged to develop new marketing approaches in order to sustain their growth. Instead of spending millions of dollars on costly market research, corporations simply conduct and improve basic marketing approaches such as establishment of manufacturing facilities near customers’ location, providing comprehensive solutions base on customers’ needs. Concerning the approach, Kotler (2000) says that marketers also develop loyalty programs including building customers’ club, create attractive public relation programs, continuously using customers’ feedback to improve products or services. Concerning services, Wilson (1972), suggests that marketers face huge challenge when marketing a service or intangible product. This is because the more intangible a service is, the greater the difference in the marketing characteristics of the service is. Based on the definition, marketers must pay attention to developing marketing strategies that target customers’ hearts. One recent concept regarding the development of marketing strategy is the service-good analysis . The concept aims at speed up the process of product/service definition in order to quickly produce the proper marketing strategy (Langford, 1997). According to Kurtz and Clow (1997), there are sever al unique characteristics of services, which demand different marketing concerns including intangibility, inseparability, and variability. The intangible nature of the service requires companies to make the service mo/nm, re tangible by stressing tangible cues within promotional efforts. Company image, recommendations and word of mouth are becoming important within marketing services strategy. Moreover, service industry also contains inseparable character, where demand is more sensitive to supply. Under such circumstances, firms must be more carefully match services with existing demands to ensure satisfaction. Concerning the service industry, there is hospitality industry that covers many services including the provision of food and beverages, lodging, transportation and travel, and hotel and resorts. Figure 1 shows Multi-Segment model, which is known as M-S Model. There are in general four quadrants in the model, each consists of four elements: entities (E), Marketer action (M), Buyer Action (B), and Interaction (I). Figure 1: Multi-Segment Model (M-S Model) Source: McColl-Kennedy, J. 2003, Service Marketing: a Managerial Approach, John Wiley and Sons, Australia ? Product Segment The operation of a service company differs from products resulted from a series of production activities. There are several benefits or the tangible product industry that cannot be obtained in the service industry. For example, the benefits of industrialization cannot be generalized to the service industry. Services cannot be produced in advance and stored for future use. However, the concept of marketing services provides a different perspective of that consist of three operational positions, which are cost efficiency, customization and service quality. The process of producing the services also differs from creating a product. Each service is differentiated by complexity of the process and the variability of each step of the process. There are several strategies related to the operations of a service company, some of them are position mapping and blueprinting A service company can benefit from creating position mapping and blueprinting. Both analysis tools will help the company to define its competitors, the intensity of the competition and the direction it heads for (Kurtz and Clow, 1997). To better describe the product segment of Tourism Hotels and Leisure Ltd, below is tabular form of buyer’s perspective on products quadrants.

Differences of Skills in Work and Skills in Social Settings

Differences of Skills in Work and Skills in Social Settings WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SKILL IN THE PERSON, SKILL IN THE JOB AND SKILL IN THE SOCIAL SETTING AND WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT. A quarter century ago skill was generally referred to as manual dexterity (tool usage or control) and to some understanding of underpinning bodies of theory and knowledge associated with the exercise of particular trades or occupations. Hence, there has been growing priority of softer social skills and personal attributes such as manner, deportment, appearance, dress sense, accent, ability to get on with people and self confidence (Payne, 1999; Grugulis et al, 2004). As one employee reports one recruit attitude (Calligham and Thompson, 2002:240). These attributes and attitudes are being referred to as skills (Payne, 1999 cited in Stephen Bach, 2007). One of the most difficult to describe and hard to define concept is skill (Warhurst, Grugulis and Keep, 2004), in a survey carried out by (Francis and Penn, 1994), they concluded that different occupational groups will categorize skill in different ways, which suggests that a persons conception of skill is largely based on his or her own experiences of employment. Therefore, this essay aims at defining the approaches of skills and also what these approaches are and why it is fundamental in analyzing skill. WHAT IS SKILL? Skill is defined as the expertise, ability or competence to undertake specific activities often acquired through formal instruction or work experience (Brown et al, 2001). The dictionary definition of skill reveals the complexity of the concept. At the core of all definitions is the idea of competence or proficiency-the ability to do something well. The word encompasses both mental and physical proficiency meaning skill implies understanding or knowledge, it also implies physical dexterity. In distinguishing between skill as mundane accomplishment and skill as virtuosity will help give theoretical insights into the mechanisms that underlie skilled activities, failure to distinguish between the two senses of the word can lead to conceptual confusion (Attewell, 1990). Attewells research indicates four distinct sociological notions of skill which yields different images of skill. Positivist Ethno-methodological Weberian Marxist Positivism This refers to those who treat skill as an attribute amenable to qualitative measurement and believe that this attribute has an objective character independent of the observer. With this assumption, at the outset positivists are faced with two issues: First, should skill be treated as a measureable attribute of persons or jobs/tasks (Spenner, 1983)? Second, should apparently diverse or qualitatively different skills be rendered commensurate and hence measurable? Is there a yardstick that underlies varied skills? (Attewell, 1990). Ethno-methodological This is completely at odds with the positivists assumptions about complexity, routine, and conscious analysis, it offers a view of human activity and hence, skills.ÂÂ   The core of this perspective is the idea that all human activity, even the most mundane, is quite complex. Things such as walking, crossing the road and carrying on a conversation that everyone does, are amazing accomplishments requiring a complex coordination of perception, movement, and decision, a myriad of choices, and a multitude of skills (Garfinkel, 1969). The Weberian School This school tries to understand the conditions under which occupations are socially demarked as skilled and the processes by which some jobs come to command higher standing than others. This school points that tasks complexity becomes important as it creates uncertainty as to whether and how the task can be accomplished. This then becomes the core around which practitioners build claims to skill, even when their knowledge and techniques are modest (Attewell, 1990). The Marxist School This school enters skill from three areas which are: in the labor theory of value, in debates concerning the labor aristocracy, and in the theory of alienation and technological change. However it would be misleading to suggest that classical Marxist has a well articulated theory of skill as such. Marx and Engels writings provide theoretical hints and some neo-Marxists have built upon these. Hence, many contemporary Marxists treat skill as a common sense category which does not require explication, while other neo-Marxists treatments of skill frequently shade into either positivist or social constructionist thinking (Attewell, 1990). APRROACHES TO THE ANALYSIS OF SKILL There are three approaches to the analysis of skill as shown in (Table 1). Skill in the person Skill in the job Skill in the setting Focus Principal Area of Concern Typical Method of Analysis Typically Adopted by: Person Individual attributes acquired through: Education Qualification Training Experience Questionnaire surveys Aptitude test / Experiments Economists Psychologists Job Task requirements Complexity Discretion Job analysis Job evaluation Occupational Psychologists Management theorists Industrial / Employment Relations theorists Setting Social relations Case studies of industries and occupations Ethnographic studies of workplaces Social historians Sociologist Table 1: Skill approaches (Source: Noon M. Blyton P., 2002) Skill in the person In this aspect, the skill centers on the quality possessed by the individual through knowledge, dexterity, judgment, linguistic ability which is accumulated as a result of education, training and experience (Noon and Bylton, 2002). Skill that focuses on the person often attempts to identify individual attributes and qualities and seek to measure these by the use of aptitude test under experimental conditions. Psychologists agree with this approach and view it as an independent variable (Vallas, 1990). Hence, questionnaires might be distributed to assess the individuals education, training and experience which could serve as a proxy for skill- a method mostly used by economists (Cockburn, 1983). Some commentators have argued that there is a need to broaden the definition of skill in the person by labeling certain personal characteristics as skills. Warhurst, Grugulis and Keep (2004) points that attitudes, character traits and predispositions are being described by employers as skills required and they lacking in the labor market. Lafer (2004) argues that a skill is a quality learned or developed by individuals that will secure them a living, however, many of the new skills such as punctuality, appearance, manner e.t.c. are not skills because alone, they cannot secure an individual a living wage although they might be prerequisite for getting a job in the first place and are also required in order to remain in employment. Lafer points that the consequence of broadening the definition of skill means the concept of skill in the person becomes increasingly meaningless. Skill in the person is very essential in the labor market, as Becker (1964) argues that in a market economy, an individuals human capital will determine his or her value as an employee. An individual can choose to increase their human capital through taking advantage of educational opportunities and training or they can as well choose to ignore these opportunities and as such lower their relative value in the labor market. This approach is typified of human capital theorist, they point that the responsibility for success in work lies with the individual and they raise the notion of meritocratic society, where individual effort is rewarded (Noon and Blyton, 2002). Skill in the job In this case, the focus is on assessing the skill required by the job rather than the skill possessed by the individual doing the job. Sociologist agrees with this approach and view skill as a dependent variable (Vallas, 1990). Attention is placed on the complexity of the tasks required to perform a job and the extent of discretion in the job which is of keen interest to individual/employment relation theorist. According to Noon and Blyton, (2002), the more complex the task required by the job, the more skilled the job is. There is however, need to measure the extent of complexity so as to arrive at a skill level. Hence, different jobs could be reflected in systems of status and remuneration which takes the form of job evaluation schemes. Discretion is of great importance in a job. Discretion involves choosing between alternatives required by an activity. The greater the number of decisions required by an activity, the greater the skill level. The more the employee is able to exercise his/her judgment, then the more skilled a task may be said to be. Therefore, examining the amount of rules employees are obliged to follow will serve as an assessment of the skill level: the more rules, the less scope for discretion and the lower their skill will be judged to be. Discretion is the key element of job skill. It grants workers the space to develop their expertise and to exercise judgment and features heavily in academic attempts to theorize skill (Grugulis, 2007). Feature of Skilled Work Identified as Important Most Likely to be Identified as Important by: Apprenticeship Older, male, manual workers (particularly those processing apprenticeship qualifications) Training Younger, female, public-sector service employees (particularly those processing higher level qualifications) Qualifications Women (particularly in retail distribution). Younger respondents people with lower level qualification High Abilities Men People with higher level qualification Experience No specific group Table 2: Based on Francis and Pen (1994). The survey comprised of nine hundred and eighty seven adults aged between 20 and 60, and was undertaken in Rochdale, U.K. in 1986. (Source: Noon M. And Blyton P., 2002) Education, apprenticeship, training and qualification all focus on developing and maintaining individual skill. Cockburn (1983) and Littler (1982) have argued that skill is also an aspect of jobs and work can be designed to make use of demand, develop and deploy skills just as it can also minimize the need for skill (Grugulis, 2007). When individual possess skill in the job it may enhance organizational benefits. It ensures consistency of product; work is been completed quickly and satisfactory. Workers with appropriate skill will know about the product they are producing and make decisions on how they might best work or judge the quality of their labor. It is important to note that as individuals gain knowledge of the organization they work in their level of skill increases by seeing the way their system operates, experience problems been solved successfully and learn which of their colleagues to approach with certain requests. Felstead et als (2000) analysis of survey data reveals that even when respondents have held the same job for five years there is still an increasing demand for skills suggesting that workers gain in skills and experience over time. In addition, skill in the individual and skill in the job are closely linked. Hence, skill is important to an employer because an employer cannot employ an individual that does not have the skill required in the job. Skill in the setting The definition of skill in the social setting is Cockburns 1983 third element. Individual status or group may protect skill, in same way as skill itself confers status. This means to an extent, skill, status and control are necessarily linked; expertise may require control over work and this brings with it higher status. Those aspects of social life that do not relate with skill but confer to status, impacts on the way skill is been perceived (Grugulis, 2007). Skills are socially and politically negotiated and it reflects the power and influence of diverse interest groups. As Sadler (1970:23) has observed, skill is to a considerable extent determined by social factors present in the work situation and in the occupational culture at large [and therefore includes] the evaluations placed on particular kinds of activity and on particular classes of individual and the actions of organized pressure groups directed at safeguarding the earnings and job security of particular trades and professions (Noon and Blyton, 2002). This then means skill in the social setting is important as it create room for protectionism; certain groups want to protect their skills in order to form a particular status. Social setting can be viewed from the notion of social closure which is one fundamental concept of sociology as defined by Weber (1947) and elaborated by Parkin (1979) and Kreckel (1980). Social Closure or Skilled Status The total process of occupational social closure is composed of three interacting sub-processes (see Fig.1). An ideological process: in this case individuals recognise a shared set of values, beliefs and reinforce these symbolically. A political process, whereby group members act collectively, combines their resources in pursuit of common goals. A material process, whereby members of the group seek to appropriate the tools and technology to the work process and control or influence the work organisation. CONCLUSION As a result of the different theoretical perspective of skill, there has been little consensus about the way skill should be assessed and, indeed different perspective tend to base their argument upon different concepts of skill (Attwell, 1990; Spenner, 1990; Vallas, 1990; Gallie, 1991). This has made the issue very controversial. However, the different meaning of skill centers on the three approaches above- skill in the person, skill in the job and skill in social setting. Hence, there are still unanswered questions about skill. What is the generally acceptable definition of skill? as work is changing continually, hence, demanding different abilities. Are people becoming deskilled or up skilled? REFERENCES Attwell, P. (1990). What is Skill?ÂÂ   Work and Occupations. Vol. 17, No. 4, pp 422-443. Brown, P; Green, A.ÂÂ   and Lauder, H. (2001). High Skills. Oxford University Press. Keep, E. (2005). Skills, training and the quest for the Holy Grail of influence and status in Bach, S. (ed) Managing Human Resources: Personnel Management in Transition 4th edition Oxford: Blackwell. Grugulis, I. (2007). Skills, Training and Human Resource Development. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Noon, M. and Blyton, P. (2002). The Realities of Work. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Vallas, S.P. (1990). The concept of skill: a critical review Work and Occupations Vol 17, No. 4, pp 379-398. Warhurst, C., Grugulis, I. And Keep, E. (2004). The Skills that Matter. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Why Is Education So Important In Canada Education Essay

Why Is Education So Important In Canada Education Essay A large selection of Canadas universities and  colleges found in both urban and rural places in every region of the country. (Education System In Canada) Canadian universities are much known for the quality of the teaching. Degrees from Canada are actually equivalent to degrees from America or other commonwealth places. Many Canadian schools are largely funded publicly which means they are consistently high quality, no matter where the location is. In Nunavut there is also higher education, (Nunavut is the province in the north of Canada). In Nunavut higher education allows the residents of the Canadian Arctic territory to specialize in secondary institutes. Of course there will be some unique challenges which some students have to face wishing to perfect advanced training in Nunavut. The territory of Nunavut has approximately 32,000 people in it. But there has been a problem in Nunavut about language but now has been resolved. There are no universities in Nunavut.  Nunavut Arctic College  is the only institution of higher education. It offers a small number of degrees in conjunction with Dalhousie University (Wikipedia). The Canadian school system actually accepts Inuit languages due to cultural reasons. But the university in Nunavut is actually struggling quite hard to get the best quality education possible. One of the governor generals named Michelle Jean decided to build more Arctic universities. For Full-time student enrolments at some universities are from over 35,000 to less than 1,000. Also, most universities have a large number of part-time or continuing students who are being educated. They offer allot of courses and allot of degrees from undergraduate to doctorates, and can also offer certificates and professional degrees. Fees for universities differ, depending on the province, institution and program of the study. Private schools exist in every single province around the country, and private schools are very good for parents who seek an overseas education for their child. The most international schools are in Ontario and Alberta. Sasckachewan has enough international schools and Nunavut has quite a few. All international schools must be registered with the ministry of education In the province or territory. Some private schools even have religious faith and use particular moral teachings. Canada has two official languages which are English and French. A student can take their institutions in either English or French. Some universities will offer instructions in both languages. But you dont have to be fluent in English and French to attend schools in Canada. If English isnt your first language you will at least have to pass the English examination which is called the (TOEFL). The Canadian Skilled Worker immigration program was developed to encourage people with skills that would be useful to the country to move there. If you want to meet the qualifications, the program will serve only two purposes. First of the government wants to make sure that the program will become overwhelmed with immigrants who have a high skilled ability. Second, the government does not want you to move out of your country, only to find that there are limited amount of jobs left. You will need to have an extremely good score on your high school diploma to have this opportunity. (Why Your Education Is Important For Canada) If you also want to go as an immigrant you have to also pass something named a (Pass-Mark System). It is not very hard to achieve and potential immigrants should atleast get a score of 75 percent. But these days, most people got 64 percent and if an immigrant wants to go to Canada they should start thinking now how their going to pass. This is one of the factors assessed by the Canadian government in Education It was good to hear Saskatchewans Education Minister, Russ Marchuk, talking recently about the value of pre-kindergarten and other forms of early childhood development in generating better learners, and ultimately more successful citizens. (Better Education Integral To Canadas Economy) The ministry of education is the industry that ensures that the students of Ontario have a great quality of education and that Ontario has the best education, in terms of quality and teaching. The ministry of education can be in English or French and the Ministry of education has to: Make sure that all the schools and authorities are funded. Structuring provincial support for curriculums. Making sure that the teachers are well trained and ready for excellence. Making sure that a child has good health so they give children health cards. Search around to see that every child has got this health card. Managing child care programs, such as CMSMs. Investigating complaints regarding unlicensed child care providers. Making requirements such as student diplomas and certificates. In the governments vision, educators, students, parents, teachers, principals, schools, boards, child care providers, service system managers. First Nations and the wider community work together in a genuine partnership to ensure good outcomes for all children. (Ministry Of Education) There are a lot of Eskimos who are taught by their parents how to survive in the harsh weather and how to fish, how to hunt for animals such as seals. The Eskimos diet is mostly seals because most of the foods in the markets are very expensive. There is a school in The Eskimo region named Inkulit School. And the school is in the main city of Nunavut which is named Iqaluit. Iqaluit is the modern city of Nunavut. The second most modern city of Nunavut is Cambridge Bay and the city has a school where students have to attend. The ministry of education also has a place in Nunavut and the ministry of education makes sure that students of Nunavut have at least attended schools or programs. The Northwest Territories also has a lot of schools and in the Northwest Territories you have to attend schools, it is compulsory and if a student does not attend schools the parents will get a lawsuit by the ministry of education for not letting your child attend schools or programs. There are colleges named career colleges which will allow you to get prepared for a job in a short period of time, and instructions. The college will have a broad range of instructions and technical duties. There are a lot of Eskimos in these career colleges because it is not the type of colleges where you have to participate for at least 1 or 2 years, you can just attend the college for at least 9 months. Career colleges have a highly competitive fee structures. If an Eskimo can have a degree from college, it will be extremely good for the persons future. Dalhousie University is also a good university for the Eskimos because Dalhousie shares diplomas with Nunavut Arctic University. Dalhousie University is in Halifax, Nova Scotia. But Dalhousie University is a better choice for an Eskimo who is looking to attend a University. Nunavut Arctic University is also a good university, but there are a limited amount of diplomas in the university. In Dalhousie there are more courses, more programs and more diplomas available than Nunavut Arctic University. British Colombia has got 11 universities, 11 colleges, and 3 institutions. Approximately 433,000 people attended secondary institutions in 2006 to 2007 in the academic year. The number of students were 17,250 of them where From British Colombia and 10,500 where international students. In 2011 at least 151,774 applications took place in the British Colombian campus. But the problem was that in some schools, the grading system was harshly marked and most students didnt get the mark that they wanted or expected. That started causing cheating during 2008-2009. For Eskimos there is also a nursing program. The nursing program involves The University Of Regina. The nursing program is quite an intense course for male or females who want to learn how to become nurses or something else. The nursing program needs a lot of focus and concentration to become successful in the course. There is also a Nunavut teacher learning program which involves University Of Prince Edward Island, Master of education in leadership and learning program. And also the former Akitsiraq Law Program. But now unexpectedly it was disabled by the territorial government, even though it was very good, and acknowledged and successful. The government of Yukon was saying the Yukon University was hiring more and more teachers because more and more students were attending that particular University. In 2011 the students increased from 9,856 to 10,234. This affected some of the education in that college and made it harder to reach because theyre not use to many students in one class. There was also an art college that was sharing applications with Yukon University. There is also a man named Bartlett who was very pleased to attend SOVA. In the Northwest Territories there is a government community school where residences attend the school. The school focuses on carriers. Work cited list A large selection of Canadas universities and  colleges found in both urban and rural places in every region of the country 2012 (Education System In Canada) There are no universities in Nunavut.  Nunavut Arctic College  is the only institution of higher education. It offers a small number of degrees in conjunction with Dalhousie University 2012 (Wikipedia) You will need to have an extremely good score on your high school diploma to have this opportunity. (Why Your Education Is Important For Canada) 2003 It was good to hear Saskatchewans Education Minister, Russ Marchuk, talking recently about the value of pre-kindergarten and other forms of early childhood development in generating better learners, and ultimately more successful citizens. (Better Education Integral To Canadas Economy) 2012 First Nations and the wider community work together in a genuine partnership to ensure good outcomes for all children. (Ministry Of Education) 2012

Aqutic Life :: essays research papers

Plants are critical to other life on this planet because they form the basis of all food webs. Most plants are autotrophic, creating their own food using water, carbon dioxide, and light through a process called photosynthesis. Some of the earliest fossils found have been aged at 3.8 billion years. These fossil deposits show evidence of photosynthesis, so plants, or the plant-like ancestors of plants, have lived on this planet longer that most other groups of organisms. At one time, anything that was green and that wasn’t an animal was considered to be a plant. Now, what were once considered â€Å"plants† are divided into several kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, and Plantae. Most aquatic plants occur in the kingdoms Plantae and Protista. It is believed that the earth was originally an aggregation of dust and swirling gases about 4.5 billion years ago. The earliest fossil life forms are 3.8 billion years old and contain simple prokaryotic (without a membrane-bound nucleus) cells. The atmosphere at that time was mostly nitrogen gas, with large portions of carbon dioxide and water vapour. Since life evolved in this atmosphere, carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen (major elements of nitrogen gas, carbon dioxide and water) make up 98% of the organic materials in living organisms. There was no oxygen in the early atmosphere, so all life existed in an anaerobic environment. Since no human was alive to document the events of the early earth, much of our information has been pieced together from studies of the fossil record. It is now believed that the earth 4.0 billion years ago was a very tumultuous place; there were violent electrical storms, radioactive substances emitting large quantities of energy, and molten rock and boiling water erupting from beneath the earth’s surface. These forces broke apart the simple gases in the atmosphere, causing them to reorganize into more complex molecules. Ultraviolet light bombarded the surface of the earth, breaking apart the complex molecules and forming new ones. These complex compounds were washed out of the atmosphere by driving rains and subsequently collected in the oceans. Many organic molecules tend to clump together, so the early oceans probably had aggregations of organic molecules that looked like droplets of oil in water. These clusters of molecules may have been the ancestors of primitive cells. They may also have been the source of energy for early life forms; primitive cells could have used these complex compounds to satisfy their energy requirements.

Essay --

Separate Spheres Concerning Work Life and Family Life Industrial revolution is a time reigning from the 18th to 19th century. The era was marked with the major changes in the transport industry, mining, manufacturing and agriculture. This was due to the profound impact of the early agriculture on the cultural and socioeconomic aspects concerning people’s lives. The result of the industrial revolution spread throughout North America, Europe and the entire world with time. This marks the major turning point in early life and history of man as the industrial revolution influenced almost all aspects of human life in the present civilization. There was a rapid population growth and improved standards of living due to the advancement of the industrial revolution (Triece, 2007). This paper is going to cover all aspects of family life and work life as separate spheres and how they create both men and women experiences today. With the advancement of the ancient technology, family life shifted to women expectation while the men dominated the business life. This is highly evident as most of the duties at during the ancient time required lots of determination and work force. Most of the work was so tiresome for women due to their nature of being less masculine. In this regard, work life is a balance of concepts that usually entails good prioritizing with an individual’s lifestyle and work. These are the choices that individuals make in their lives concerning different roles and duties in the community. A dramatic change is evident in both the demographic profiles and labor markets. Most of The families have embarked on the dual earner kind of living from the traditional mode that views the male as the only breadwinner. Relevant to this, the c... ...refore, the emergence of politics, religion and male public figures promoted the ideology of women as a civilizing force within the family home. For example, men took part in active war front in the Second World War while the women sustained them with their daily food supply and provision of medical care. Some women roles declined to the extent of acting as spies’ and providing the relevant information to the men in battle. In conclusion, the separate spheres mainly acted as a reminder to both genders concerning their duties and roles concerning the entire society expectations towards them (Tronto, 2013). References Triece, M. E. (2007). On the picket line: Strategies of working-class women during the depression. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Tronto, J. C. (2013). Caring democracy: Markets, equality, and justice. New York: New York University Press.

Factor affecting pulse rate Essay

Our heart is a muscle. It’s located a little to the left of the middle of our chest, and it’s about the size of our fist. There are lots of muscles all over our body — in our arms, in our legs, in our back etc. But the heart muscle is special because of what it does. The heart sends blood around our body. The blood provides our body with the oxygen and nutrients it needs. It also carries away waste. Our heart is sort of like a pump or two pumps in one. The right side of our heart receives blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs. The left side of the heart does the exact opposite: It receives blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the body. Every time when blood travels through heart it produces a sound called lub-dub. Lub happens when the upper chambers of the heart contract to squeeze the blood downward into the ventricles. A dub happens when the lower chambers contract. Every time the lower chambers of the heart contract, the blood in the left ventricle rushes upward into the aorta. It quickly speeds away from the heart causing the aorta to expand as it passes. As the blood races along, some of it pushes into the first artery that branches off from the aorta. Some of the blood enters the next artery. The blood from each contraction of the heart produces a bulge in the artery. This bulge of the arteries is called a pulse. One pulse is equal to one Heartbeat. The rate at which heart beats is called pulse rate. It can be varied by various factors such as:- Body Build and Size. A short, fat person may have a higher rate than a tall, slender person. The larger the size, the slower the rate. For example, a grizzly bear has a heart rate of about 30 beats a minute while a hummingbird’s is about 200 beats per minute. Gender: a woman’s heart rate is generally faster than a man’s. Age: generally the younger a person is, the faster the heart rate. An infant’s heart rate is about 120 beats per minute; a child’s is around 100; an adult’s is between 70 and 80; an elderly person generally hovers in the 60s. Exercise and Muscular Activity. An  increase in pulse rate will occur with increased activity to meet increased oxygen and nutrient demands. A regular aerobic exercise program can lower the resting pulse. A person, who exercises a great deal, such as an athlete, will develop bradycardia that is a normal, health condition. The body slows the heartbeat to compensate for the greater volume of blood pumped with each beat. Emotional Status. Fear, anger, and anxiety will all increase the pulse rate. Hormones: influence heart rate, especially epinephrine, norepinephrine, and thyroid hormones, all of which can increase the rate. Pathology: certain diseases affect heart rate, causing it either to slow or to race. Medications and drugs: Stimulants will increase the pulse rate; depressants will decrease the pulse rate. For example, Digitalis slows the rate, while epinephrine (Adrenalin) increases it. Caffeine can also cause palpitations or extra beats. Blood Pressure. As the blood pressure decreases, the pulse will frequently increase. Elevated Body Temperature. The pulse increases approximately 10 beats per minute for every 1 F (0.56 º C) increase in body temperature. These conditions cause a temporary increase in the heartbeat and pulse. Pain. When the patient is in pain, the pulse rate will increase. Hypothesis I think that exercise will vary the pulse rate because when we are working out or exercising, oxygen is released from our body more rapidly as the cells metabolize and use up the oxygen quicker, and so our body requires a greater amount of oxygen. Due to which our heart rate increases to carry oxygenated blood to our muscles and organs. Hence, increasing our pulse rate. Variables Independent Variable: In this the independent variable is exercise because the pulse rate is varied by the exercise we do. Dependent Variable: In this the dependant variable is the pulse rate because it is dependent on exercise and many other factors that are kept constant. Constant Variable: In this all other factors excluding exercise are kept constant. This allows us to measure the effect of exercise on pulse rate and minimize confounding effects due to any other factors that may influence heart rate. Apparatus and Procedure Stop watch 1. Sit down comfortably on a chair, locate the pulse and calculate the number of pulse per minute. 2. Walk gently measuring different feet and calculate the pulse rate after each distance. 3. Repeat these steps twice and calculate the average number of pulses per minute and record. Observation table 1. Person-1 Pulse rate after walking 1 2 3 Average pulse rate At rest 74 72 77 74 100 feet 74 77 78 76 200 feet 77 79 76 77 300 feet 81 85 82 82 400 feet 87 84 89 86 500 feet 93 91 96 93 2. Person-2 Pulse rate after walking 1 2 3 Average pulse rate Pulse rate at rest 70 75 73 72 100 feet 73 72 77 74 200 feet 78 74 80 77 300 feet 79 81 83 81 400 feet 85 82 88 85 500 feet 91 94 98 94 3. Person-3 Pulse rate at rest 1 2 3 Average pulse rate Pulse rate at rest 73 72 75 73 100 feet 77 84 87 82 200 feet 94 96 93 94 300 feet 104 106 107 105 400 feet 104 110 108 107 500 feet 106 109 104 106 Conclusion BY observing my graphs I came to the conclusion that exercise raises the pulse rate because When the body is exercising the muscles respire to produce energy, so the muscles can contract. Oxygen is needed, the oxygen is carried in the haemoglobin of the red blood cell. The heart and lungs need to work harder in order to get a greater amount of oxygen to the muscles for respiration. In muscle cells digested food substances are oxidised to release energy. The heart rate rises because during exercise, respiration in the muscles increases, so the level of carbon dioxide in the blood rises. Carbon dioxide is slightly acid; the brain detects the rising acidity in the blood, the brain then sends a signal through the nervous system to the lungs to breathe faster and deeper. Gaseous exchange in the lungs increases allowing more oxygen into the circulatory system and removing more carbon dioxide. The brain then sends a signal to make the heart beat faster. As a result this, heart rate would rise. My graph confirms my hypothesis in that as the length of exercise is increased, the number of beats per minute rises. Hence the result shown by our experiment seems to be correct. Therefore I think that the procedure we used was reliable. Although there are some sources of error but these do not makes much difference and can be ignored. Sources of error As experiment is fully performed by humans so there are some human errors involved in the experiment. Firstly, we didn’t use pulse rate meter so there may be some errors in counting the pulse rate making some changes to our  result. Secondly, the person might not have properly relaxed so; factors like stress, excitement can affect the pulse rate making changes to our result. Thirdly, it took time to count the pulse rate after exercise, because of which the increased pulse rate might have come to normal in this meantime. Improvements By making some improvements in our experiment we could get more better and exact result. For example Instead of counting the pulse we could have used pulse rate meter to calculate pulse rate. Secondly, we could have taken pulse rate of more persons for better and accurate result.

Andy Warhol and His work on the Contemporary Art Essay

Andy Warhol (1928-1987) of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, less commonly known as Andrew Warhola, was a central figure in the pop art category. He is an American artist who reigned around the world as a painter, author, avant-garde filmmaker and as a public personage for his connection to many people of different fields of work and status. Warhol studied in Carnegie Institute of Technology (now known as the Carnegie Mellon University) to hone his artistry (www. artgallery. com, 2008). Warhol unify his works through the Keatonesque style which is aritistically and personally affectless. In his work s a Pop artist, conceptual aspects were always there as a key factor. His art was known for its irony, in most of its sense. Campbell’s soup cans was probably his most famous work. The mundane images he made were turned to the so-called ironic art through enlargement, hand-painting or silk-screening. He always mentioned that the idea of his work is always at the surface of his work, obvious, apparent. Other attributes of his work were slight color changes using ink spots (www. pbs. org, 2007). His work reveals contemporary art in such a way it concerns some human desires that never ceases to revolve around. He even made his film where he was an international celebrity and a pop artist. His experiences with many people brought him the ideas of what is contemporary, and made sure that no traces of the artists can be recognized from his artwork.

Performance Management at Vitality Health Enterprises, Inc. Essay

Vitality Health Enterprises is a large beauty products and nutraceuticals company offering a full range of health, wellness, and beauty products around the globe. The company was originally founded in 1987 in Ames, Iowa, by Hikaaru â€Å"Fred† Kikuchi who is an experienced serial entrepreneur. His inspiration for Vitality came when his wife was continually dissatisfied with the quality of beauty products she was finding here in the U.S., since they emigrated from Japan. Kikuchi saw a business opportunity and used his relationships from back home to import beauty products and the rest is history. Vitality has gone through numerations of growth that has included: moving company headquarters to Des Moines – thought to be a better location for growth, establishing its own manufacturing facility with its own chemists – to develop its own unique products specifically targeting the U.S. marketplace, purchasing HerbaPure Nutraceuticals to offer a broader range of products, and establishing an IPO to raise capital for further expansion – which now includes nine global offices representing markets in Asia, Southeast Asia, and Europe. Vitality has grown far beyond selling products out of Kikucki’s garage to a large scale enterprise in the personal care products sector. Beth Williams is the current CEO who was recruited in mid-2008 to replace Kikuchi over concerns for his health, and to infuse Vitality with fresh blood and new ideas in the highly competitive marketplace. The board liked her no-nonsense approach and hoped she could turn Vitality around after a period of stagnation. James Hoffman is the newly appointed vice president of Human Resources at Vitality Health Enterprises and shares concerns with Beth that Vitality is not maintaining its edge on innovation, and has a large employee turnover rate among the highly talented research scientists. His first assignment is to take the lead on the new Performance Management Evaluation Team, constructed to evaluate the success of the system, and present the findings and recommendations to the board. Hoffman’s evaluation can either provide him with a great career opportunity, or be the catalyst for his departure. His concern is they do not have all the data to present and having been with Vitality for two months, he needs to be certain of his analysis – not to mention his boss, Beth, is the one who implemented the program several years earlier. The main problem in this entire case is how Vitality can maintain being the industry leader in innovation. There is a high turnover rate with high performing employees, especially those who are the innovators in product development. The high turnover is attributed to the poor incentive structure. Innovation is vital at maintaining the competitive edge, in any rapidly changing industry. For other employees, the structure encourages complacency and a culture of ineffective performance, not easily identifying poor performers. There is a problem with the evaluation process required of the managers, in the performance evaluations. They are not properly trained on how to evaluate the teams and don’t like the structure because it alienates team members. There might also be legal issues with discrimination and how the evaluation is designed. Company wide motivation has been declining due to the performance management system. Managers don’t feel thorough evaluations are, â€Å"worth their time†, and they are concerned the force- rank system incorrectly ranks individual performance. Employees can be placed in the lower tier, comp structure, if they are part of a high performing team and the opposite can be true for employees ranked in the higher tier, if they are part of a lower performing team. The system’s â€Å"fairness† has been questioned throughout the organization, and no clear standards are understood on what dictates your placement in the tier system. If employees are not clear on the system, it is challenging to make corrections in their performance. In addition, management feels employees are less likely to take additional initiative, outside their roles, to better the team’s performance – since there is no real incentive to do so. These issues negatively affect the culture, and have led to increased turnover in top-tier talent, which has left Vitality struggling to maintain its hold as industry leader. Performance management systems primary goal should be to stimulate behaviors that improve performance within a company. It appears as Hoffman suggested – Vitality has, â€Å"missed the mark† and is not fostering the type of behavior it originally set out to accomplish. The question for Vitality and Hoffman is: does the performance management system need correction, or should they start from scratch? We believe they can modify the current system they have in place and make it successful. They have already taken the appropriate measures to find where the system is lacking, which is in motivating the employees. This demonstrates that Vitality is moving in the right direction by being proactive on improving the working environment and culture of the company. One system will never be a perfect fit for all, but we believe we’ve identified a few key suggestions, based off the organizational feedback, that would enable Vitality to â€Å"hit the mark† with their performance management system. First we would address the time constraints the managers have in preparing the evaluations, by allowing the process to be extended by three months. Teamwork is central to turning out new products, yet the evaluation removes the motivation and encouragement for individual initiative that would benefit team performance. We recommend a piece of the individual performance, perhaps 20-30 % of the evaluation, be based off team accomplishments; similar to a NFL football team winning the Super Bowl and earning bonuses for the team. It’s well known that some players contribute more than others due to ability, yet the entire team contributes and receives additional compensation based off the accomplishment. The force-rank component would be based off the employee achieving key individual milestones, that would be determined by the manager and employee, at the beginning of the year. We would also remove the required number of rankings for top achievers, achievers, low achievers, unacceptable and not rated. We would leave these up to the discretion of the manager. The manager would then have a pool of money to distribute throughout his team contingent on the performance evaluations. In order to entice innovation, within the organization, a specific bonus/kicker structure should be incorporated into the plan that rewards individuals and teams that bring new product development to market. It’s clear that Vitality has made the right moves to maintain its market leader perception. We applaud Beth Williams for identifying a problem within the company, and being proactive to change course in order to maintain continued high performance.

Triangular Slave Trade

The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade began around the mid-fifteenth century when Portuguese interests in Africa moved away from the fabled deposits of gold to a much more readily available commodity — slaves. By the seventeenth century the trade was in full swing, reaching a peak towards the end of the eighteenth century. It was a trade which was especially fruitful, since every stage of the journey could be profitable for merchants — the infamous triangular trade. Why did the Trade Begin?Expanding European empires in the New World lacked one major resource — a work force. In most cases the indigenous peoples had proved unreliable (most of them were dying from diseases brought over from Europe), and Europeans were unsuited to the climate and suffered under tropical diseases. Africans, on the other hand, were excellent workers: they often had experience of agriculture and keeping cattle, they were used to a tropical climate, resistant to tropical diseases, and they coul d be â€Å"worked very hard† on plantations or in mines. Was Slavery New to Africa?Africans had been traded as slaves for centuries — reaching Europe via the Islamic-run, trans-Saharan, trade routes. Slaves obtained from the Muslim dominated North African coast however proved to be too well educated to be trusted and had a tendency to rebellion. See The Role of Islam in African Slavery for more about Slavery in Africa before the Trans-Atlantic Trade began. Slavery was also a traditional part of African society — various states and kingdoms in Africa operated one or more of the following: chattel slavery, debt bondage, forced labor, and serfdom.See Types of Slavery in Africa for more on this topic. What was the Triangular Trade? [pic]Image:  © Alistair Boddy-Evans. Licensed to About. com, Inc. All three stages of the Triangular Trade (named for the rough shape it makes on a map) proved lucrative for merchants. The first stage of the Triangular Trade involved ta king manufactured goods from Europe to Africa: cloth, spirit, tobacco, beads, cowrie shells, metal goods, and guns. The guns were used to help expand empires and obtain more slaves (until they were finally used against European colonizers).These goods were exchanged for African slaves. The second stage of the Triangular Trade (the middle passage) involved shipping the slaves to the Americas. The third, and final, stage of the Triangular Trade involved the return to Europe with the produce from the slave-labor plantations: cotton, sugar, tobacco, molasses and rum. Origin of African Slaves Sold in the Triangular Trade [pic]Image:  © Alistair Boddy-Evans. Licensed to About. com, Inc. Slaves for the Trans-Atlantic slave trade were initially sourced in Senegambia and the Windward Coast.Around 1650 the trade moved to west-central Africa (the Kingdom of the Kongo and neighboring Angola). The transport of slaves from Africa to the Americas forms the middle passage of the triangular trade. Several distinct regions can be identified along the west African coast, these are distinguished by the particular European countries who visited the slave ports, the peoples who were enslaved, and the dominant African society(s) who provided the slaves. For more on the regions where slaves were sourced see this map.Who Started the Triangular Trade? For two hundred years, 1440-1640, Portugal had a monopoly on the export of slaves from Africa. It is notable that they were also the last European country to abolish the institution – although, like France, it still continued to work former slaves as contract laborers, which they called libertos or engages a temps. It is estimated that during the 4 1/2 centuries of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, Portugal was responsible for transporting ver 4. 5 million Africans (roughly 40% of the total). How Did the Europeans Obtain the Slaves? Between 1450 and the end of the nineteenth century, slaves were obtained from along the west coast o f Africa with the full and active co-operation of African kings and merchants. (There were occasional military campaigns organized by Europeans to capture slaves, especially by the Portuguese in what is now Angola, but this accounts for only a small percentage of the total. )

Mothies Comparison Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mothies Comparison - Movie Review Example Pride and Prejudice penned by Jane Austen, based on the contemporary writing has achieved a huge success and is still under awe by various writers. Bridget Jones's Diary is an aptly justified adaptation of it. The most endearing and realistic characters and events have been screened in the movies with similar names. Both the movies have brought forth the similarities along with huge disparities, reinforcing the similarities all the more. It is evidently clear that Helen Fielding is great admirer of Austen's work and the replicated work is also intentional. These had an outstanding response as it seems very close to the common man depicting middle class life-like friendships, gossips, searching "Mr. Right" and false pride. Apart from the two movies there have been seen the up coming of several other movies with similar subjects "Sense and Sensibility", "Mansfield Park" , "The Edge of Reason" are a few among them.Talking of the similarities between the two movies based on the novels Pr ide and Prejudice and Bridget Jones's Diary would take lots of pages with numerous similar characters and construction of discourses as well. Starting with the theme, husband hunting was the foremost theme of the movies which led to various events. "Both are smart, sassy, and thoroughly enjoyable, and features one of the most endearing and believable characters." The heroes of the two bear significant resemblance to each other, being proud of their class. Both think the heroines to be less than beautiful to tempt them and find themselves falling in love with the least suitable women around with the course of events. Bridget also overhears Mark Darcy calling her "verbally incontinent spinster" while Darcy comments that Elizabeth isn't "handsome enough". Bridget on close look resembles to Austin's Elizabeth Bennet too. Both make false impressions about the protagonists in the beginning. The names 'Pemberley' and Darcy are also repeated in both the novels. Bridget works with the press named Pemberley Press while Mr. Darcy owns Pemberley estate and Darcy is the name of the hero in both the novels. The introductory note of Pride and Prejudice - "It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife." - is similar to the dialogue of Bridget as she halts at a mall to see her mother and says, , "It is a truth universally acknowledged that as soon as one part of your life starts looking up, another part falls to pieces." But in Pride and Prejudice it is not the blonde who is favored, but the beautiful brunette, Elizabeth Bennet, who is lovely and certainly a woman worth fighting over. ................ woman worth fighting over." Ranson - Polizzotti, Sadi. Blog Critics. 17 August. 2005. Mr. Darcy changes in Pride and Prejudice while Mark Darcy doesn't. He has a conversation with Elizabeth to solve the misunderstanding while Mark Darcy tells Bridget that he loves her the way she is which promises happy ending for both. The movies also have a striking equity with the roles of Mr. Darcy and Mark Darcy played by the actor, Colin Firth. The production team of the movies were influenced by the actor who himself belongs to the elite class and has projected the role without any scar in it. And the main reasons for repetition of the same discourse in several movies are the timelessness of the theme, real-life characters and importance of good life partner which can never be changed. Towards the end, watching both the movies, I would like to say that one should overcome the false notions of superiority interfering true love. The films are true classics and ageless fables close to every commoner. Changes are made and will be made with time but the essence is too strong to rule the hearts

Market Research For (Verismo Machine) by Starbucks Essay

Market Research For (Verismo Machine) by Starbucks - Essay Example The company introduced Verismo with the intention of becoming a market leader even in single serve coffee making segment (Barth, 2012). Verismo machine is a single serve coffee maker which makes coffee and espresso. As a pod is dropped into the machine, it comes out as coffee or espresso, which contains the signature taste and aroma of Starbucks coffee (Starbucks Corporation, 2012). The machine is available in different model which ranges from  £149 to  £349. The model ranges from basic to high-end ones. The pods of powdered milk and coffee are also sold by Starbucks, which is used by the customers to produce excellent coffee at lesser cost then the store (Money Watch 2012). The biggest competitor of Verismo in the single serve coffee maker segment is Nespresso, which was launched by Nescafe, Nestle. Verismo’s first advantage is that bears the name of Starbucks, which is a market leader in coffee making. Starbucks is claiming that Verismo offers the same taste and aroma as coffee is served in its stores. Customers pay higher price for a cup of coffee in Starbucks because of their quality, and if they are getting it through a machine which is a onetime investment, customers would surely opt for it. Secondly, the product indeed has been highly appreciated by users because it do offer the quality which it promises and the cost per cup of coffee is also found to be less that having it at a Starbucks store (Clay, 2012). Verismo Machine by Starbucks was a huge hit in the market and the company sold over 150,000 machines in the first quarter of its launch. Howard Schultz in Starbucks’ first quarter’s conference said that they were planning to take Verismo to a multi-billion platform, which depicts that Verismo started really well in its initial year (Warman, 2013). Verismo is counted as a threat in the single serve coffee segment by the market leaders like Nespresso, or Green Mountain.

Marketing and Promotion Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Marketing and Promotion Plan - Essay Example Although H&M has already established its concern for environmental issues as clearly stated in their company website, Fashion Brand Nature believes that there is still much to improve in their production processes and that corresponding campaigns must be implemented to guarantee the target market that the company is really aware of their social responsibilities. The Promotions Plan, while aiming at asserting social and environmental consciousness for the H&M brand, also aims to propel the company into further market triumph as it doesn’t only become commercially successful but is also keen in playing important roles in the society and environment as well. For the longest time, this has been H&M’s battle cry in the Fashion Industry. Offering inexpensive but trendy clothes for over six decades now, H&M has presence in key countries and cities worldwide, having 1,500 stores in 28 countries by the end of 2007. H&M offers fashion for women, men, teenagers and children. The collections are created centrally by around 100 in-house designers together with buyers and pattern makers. The stores are refreshed daily with new fashion items. H&M does not own any factory, but instead buys its goods from around 800 independent suppliers, primarily in Asia and Europe. It also offers own-brand cosmetics, accessories and footwear. It applies a broad differentiated strategy where they offer a wide variety of products to serve various target groups. ). Furthermore, H&M ensures the best price for their goods by doing market survey and research and acquiring depth and breadth of knowledge within every aspect of textile production; buying the right goods from the right market, buying large volumes and efficient distribution mechanism H&M employs about 68,000 people and has about 20 production offices around the world, mainly in Asia and Europe (H&M in Brief. 2008). It has a design and buying department, which creates H&Ms

More on Thinking Well Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

More on Thinking Well - Essay Example Even such informal writing as blogging has a certain structure with its own requirements of links between sentences and paragraphs, that are much different from the requirements of formal writing, but it is this difference that distinguishes blogging from the formal writing. Without a proper structure or proper linkage between the sentences and paragraphs, a piece of writing is just a mess of words, conveying ideas in a haphazard manner, thus making it taxing for the readers to continue reading and leaving them confused and undone. Besides, writing any kind of paper is baseless if it does not serve the purpose. Every kind of writing whether it is a letter, legal writing, or a journal paper has a set of principles that must be adhered to so that the writing qualifies in that category. Writers make utmost effort to conform to those principles so that it is accepted for publishing in the intended

Recent research (Kornberger et al, 2010) suggests that despite a Essay

Recent research (Kornberger et al, 2010) suggests that despite a number of initiatives, the proportion of women accountants reac - Essay Example Nonetheless, despite the presence of many women one perceives one of the most glaring contradictions of the contemporary period – as women outnumber men in the universities and continuously demonstrate their abilities and skills in undertaking productive labour, extremely few women have made it in the higher echelon of management (Baron & Newman, 1980; Castilla, 2008; Reskin, 1988; Valian, 1998). Although this truism is manifested in, almost all segments of the labour sector, its actuality is clear and evident in the profession of accounting. In a study, Kornberger, Carter and Ross-Smith (2010) have found out that despite a number of initiatives in removing the underrepresentation of women accountants in the upper strata of firms, the proportion of women accountants reaching partner level remains much lower than other levels in the firm. Recognising the prevalence of discrimination in the profession of accounting (Gherardi & Pogio, 2007; Kornberger et al., 2010; Lehmann, 1992) , this study will evaluate the various factors deemed to impede the advancement of women accountants and minority groups. ... The first part is the introduction wherein the issue of the research, purpose of the study, the significance of the research, the methodology use in the study, the structure of the paper and the hope of the researcher are laid down. The next part will deal with the barriers that inhibit women’s progress in the accounting profession, while in the third segment; possible solutions will be proffered to address the issue. Finally, the fourth section will be the conclusion of the study. In the end, it is the hope of the researcher that this study may contribute to the clarification of the issues raised in the research and, in a way, offer workable solutions to gender inequality in the profession of accounting. The Alienating Factors Accounting as a profession responds to the challenges posed by the global society (Shafer, Ketchand & Morris, 2004). The responses are not limited only in coming up with conceptual frameworks that will further empower the clients and the public, especia lly after the global economic downturn. It also includes the endeavour of connecting the theoretical frameworks of accounting with reality, thus addressing not only the fundamental epistemological and methodological issues of the field but also its socio-political and economic concerns (Brewster, 2003; Nelson, 1995; Shafer, Ketchand & Morris, 2004). This thrust is significant as it counters the notion that accounting is neutral, objective and that its service is primarily to the client only (Carter, Clegg & Kornberger, 2010). It is in the context of change and challenges that the alienating factors hindering the advancement of women in the profession is highlighted (Gallhofer, 1998). Women’s struggle for emancipation is long and arduous (Firestone, 1972; Tong,